Making a killing: Hong Kong photo exhibition Essay

Photographer David Chancellor offers a unique and often visceral insight into South Africa’s hunting safaris in his exhibition â€Å"The Game is Killing the Game†. Hosted by The Salt Yard, an arts space in Kwun Tong, the photo series calls for a reflection on hunting for sport when many species are in decline. Animal lovers will find some of the images in the exhibition distressing. In one shot the severed head of a lioness can be seen placed in a cardboard box, her jaws locked open with teeth bared, gaze transfixed. In another, a giraffe has fallen to the ground in a crumpled heap, after being shot by a hunter. Chancellor was born in London but lives and works in South Africa. The three times Nikon photographer of the year and World Press Photo award winner spent up to 10 days at a time embedded with hunters to capture the images. â€Å"It’s impossible to work clandestine,† he told the Los Angeles Times last year. â€Å"I realised very quickly that you n eed to embed with the hunting party – sleep, eat and breathe the hunt. All the portraits are taken immediately after the hunter has killed. It’s impossible to duplicate that emotion which is ultimately read subliminally by the viewer of the work.† The exhibition comes as African and US politicians meet this week in Washington, with wildlife conservation high on the agenda. US Interior Secretary Sally Jewell said about 20,000 elephants were slaughtered in Africa last year, while about three rhinos were killed every day in South Africa alone. â€Å"This hugely profitable illicit activity generates billions of dollars in revenue every year, fuelling growth in international criminal syndicates and reversing decades of hard-won conservation gains across the continent,† Jewell said. [The Sun News] WASHINGTON Jiangsu couple with a group tour with his son to visit Hong Kong, yesterday morning, Hung Hom, with tours to a jewelery store shopping, mainland women refused shopping period, and to guide the requirements to continue the trip, only consumption of at least two thousand people wanted her to make arrangements Yuanshi, when both theories, mainland women fear being attacked police said. Police officers arrived at the scene  after mediation, the two sides reach an agreement, a family of three â€Å"cut† from the group trip, the trio set out by the police rushed to MTR Hung Hom Station, self drive back to the mainland. Hung Hom Station police rushed back to the mainland The men allegedly forced shopping victim surnamed Su, peer wife surnamed Li (forty years old), son of about ten. Su said that a person participated in the mainland tour groups to Hong Kong to play four days, three days before the arrival yesterday to play for two days.Eleven o’clock yesterday morning, the tour by the surname Chen (39) male guided to a jewelry store shopping Lok Street, during Li Fu Chen made no intention to shopping and want to continue their journey to another place Chan visits, but rejected, and Lee was asked at least two thousand women in the shop Yuanshi consumer can make arrangements, Li wife and husband flatly refused and said I do not know when to participate in the trip must be shopping. But someone at the scene said the tour itself has indicated shopping trip, probably a misunderstanding of the Soviet Union took part in the tour, it caused a dispute. Catfight between the two parties, Li women cry more excited, and said fear of someone brute force, then call the police for help. Police officers arrived at the scene investigation, found no wounded, no other group members received complaints from police questioning and mediation to Chen and Su family of three, the immediate family of three from the group is willing to exit the remaining two days of the trip, the final event been resolved. Since the Soviet one is not familiar with Hong Kong traffic, do not know how to ride back to the mainland, and finally by the police sent them to MTR Hung Hom Station, take the MTR own return to the Mainland.

The Principle Of Accounting And Management Accounting Essay

Business moralss is of import in presents, as the human civilisation development. People ‘s life manner, public positions of event and the new engineering of media are non every bit same as before. All of the alterations are raising concern ethic onto a high degree importance for concern. Business in order to accomplish long-run net incomes, client relationship, it must utilize the moralss to curtail the duty ‘ ( Ferrell, Fraedrich & A ; Ferrell 2008 ) . For illustration, the recent events in Corporate America have demonstrated the destructive effects that occurs when the leading of a company does non act ethically, and concern savvy corporate professionals at Enron, Tyco, WorldCom, and Adelphia got themselves into such a large muss. The job lies in a profound deficiency of moralss. B ) ‘An ethical issue is a job, state of affairs, or chance that requires an single, group, or organisation to take among several actions that must be evaluated as right or incorrect, ethical or unethical. ‘ ( Ferrell, Fraedrich & A ; Ferrell 2008 ) For illustration, â€Å" Venkat as a database decision maker for a company found a memo about a co-worker acquiring sacked due to non working up to standard and holding a bad attitude. Venkat is shocked at this because this co-worker Tom is an built-in member of successful development of an object due to his working relationship with providers. And besides a best friend of Venkat, amongst general conversation Venkat finds out that Tom is about to suggest to his girlfriend and set a sedimentation on a new residential unit. † ( Blount 2008 ) For this instance the moralss issue is Venkat ‘s unity moving candidly and being straightforward towards Tom ( trueness to Tom as a friend ) VS trueness to tauten self involveme nt of maintaining his occupation. Ethical quandary ‘are a job, state of affairs, or chance that requires an single, group, or organisation to take among several incorrect or unethical actions that have no right or ethical picks, merely less unethical or illegal pick as perceived by any and all stakeholders. ‘ ( Ferrell, Fraedrich & A ; Ferrell 2008 ) it exists when two or more values are in struggle, and seek from moralss a declaration to this struggle. For the above instance the ethical quandary were: Tell Tom that he is about to be sacked, this affects Tom as he loses his occupation, Venkat as he may lose his occupation if company financess out he breach confidentiality and the company because Tom may sell confidential info or do malicious harm to their belongings. Keep silent, this affects Tom as he will lose occupation and be under fiscal force per unit areas, Venkat loses an built-in squad member. Company works more expeditiously and has better client dealingss. degree Celsius ) Ferrell stated the moralss issue or quandary is evidently, when the job is approximately opprobrious or intimidating behaviour, lying, struggles of involvement, graft, corporate intelligence, favoritism, sexual torment, environmental issue, fraud, insider trading, intellectual-property rights, and privateness issue. ( Ferrell, Fraedrich & A ; Ferrell 2008 ) The ethic issues ever occur with struggles of involvements, evaluated as right or incorrect, ethical or unethical. Let the organisation to seek from moralss a declaration to this struggle. So in an organisation the values of struggles are more impetuousness the issue and quandary is more evidently. vitamin D ) As the definition of moralss issue is a job, state of affairs, or chance. So it could non be kept inactive. Since moralss are made up of moral regulations and these regulations as different common jurisprudence, and different societies and civilizations have different set of moral codifications. â€Å" Merely like kids civilizations are exposed to different stimulation and that produces different personality aka Morals. Over clip a stimulation may impact a section of the population in such a dramatic manner that they change as a society their moral brand. † ( Wikipedia, 2009 ) . Now that construct is considered unethical, moral Ethic issues are alteration over clip.Question 2The four factors of ethical decision-making model are ethical issue strength, single factors, organisational factors and chance. ( Ferrell, Fraedrich & A ; Ferrell, 2010, p.122 ) . Ethical-issue strength can be defined as the perceptual experiences about ethical issue for single or group. It se ems like Jim had realize do non describe the bad waste goes into the river is unethical behaviour, because Jim was thought the factory ‘s waste disposal into the river did non exceeded Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) guideline, but when he knows the truth, he was amazed. As a director of Cinco, Jim has duty to maintain the works running ethically, environment pollution and payoff are ever serious ethical issues, non merely for Jim besides for Cinco Corporation. If factory was shutdown, many people in the town will lose their occupations, even a whole household, because in facts, the works boasts about employees whose male parent and grampss have besides worked at that place. This ethical issue is really of import to both Cinco and Jim. In a word, ethical-issue strength should be the indispensable factor in the ethical decision-making procedure ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010 ) . Individual factors include instruction, nationality, age and venue of control ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010 ) . Individual factors have more consequence on person ‘s behaviour, doing the difference among different persons. For Jim, he merely finishing the preparation plan, there is a lactiferous calling for him in the hereafter. What ‘s more, all of his predecessor wage for Ralph, and nil happened. Jim face both fire, but he have to take one. Ethical civilization displays whether the administration has an ethical scruples ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010 p127 ) . Organizational factors conclude corporate civilization, obeisance to authorization and ethical civilization ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010 ) . The organisation ‘s policy gives directors excessively much infinite and opportunity to things unethically, in another words-lack of control. As a consequence, it creates a hole in the company ‘s system so that Jim ‘s predecessor can utilize it to accomplish excess benefits, many other employees in the company besides have got benefit by making unethical behaviour, it reflects the corporate civilization. The last 1 is chance. It means the state of affairs in administrations that limit or permit ethical or unethical behavior ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010, p127 ) . Cinco Corporation merely focuses on public presentation and deficiency of supervising on procedure control. These features are in which create chance for directors to take unethical behavior. As a effect, Jim can make this without fright due to any regulations or penalties.Question 3a ) The organisations like PETCO faced with several ethical issues, such as 1 ) PETA think they sell or use animate beings for commercial intent, 2 ) mistreatment of animate beings, 3 ) clients found ill finches, a mouldy dead polo-neck, dead birds, and a frog â€Å" cooked to decease † and soaking clients on sale points, 4 ) sexual and other types of torment, drug maltreatment, plus protection and force, 5 ) struggle of involvement, 6 ) the credence of gifts and amusement B ) The definition of primary stakeholder could be who has direct influence with house ‘s endurance, which can be employees, clients, investors, and stockholders, besides include authoritiess and communities that provide necessary substructure ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010 ) . For secondary stakeholder, it has non direct relationship with the house and has non critical effects on the house that include media, trade associations and special-interest groups ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010 ) . PETA, as a special-interest group, it was focused on big animate beings, nevertheless, carnal gross revenues merely got 5 % of PETCO ‘ s gross, so PETA ‘ s unfavorable judgment had non indispensable for its endurance, what ‘s more, PETA besides did n't affect in PETCO ‘ s dealing. All of above shows PETA is a secondary stakeholder of PETCO. degree Celsius ) ‘Shareholder theoretical account of corporate administration is founded in authoritative economic principles, including the end of maximising wealth for investors and proprietors. ‘ ( Ferrell, Fraedrich & A ; Ferrell 2008 ) For keeping intent of public presentation answerability between top direction and the house ‘s stockholders, publically traded houses, corporate administration focuses on developing and bettering the formal. Stakeholder theoretical account of corporate administration ‘adopts a broader position of the intent of concern, although a company has a duty for economic success and viability to fulfill its shareholders, it besides must reply to other stakeholder, including employees, providers, authorities regulators, communities and particular involvement groups with which it interacts ‘ ( Ferrell, Fraedrich & A ; Ferrell 2008 ) . Comparer the two theoretical accounts, the truth is that the stockholder theoretical account is a more restrictive precursor to the stakeholder orientation. In this instance, PETOC is more focal point on stakeholder relationship development, so stakeholder theoretical account is better represented. vitamin D ) Social duty means organisation ought to maximise its positive consequence on stockholders and acquire the negative impact in lower limit, which besides includes four stairss, viz. , economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010 ) . The first measure is economic ; it is common sense that about organisations have a mark in the economic, doing the maximized net income. They have duty for their stakeholders who invest money on the organisation. Merely if the organisation makes great return for the stakeholders, they would wish to put more money. On other manus, economic besides includes support occupations in society and contribute goods and service to the economic system ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010 ) . PETCO chose 12,000- to 15,000-square-foot shop that close local vicinity shopping finish as the chief format ; as a consequence, well locations will make big figure of net income. Besides, PETCO has 16,900 employees, 9,000 of which are full clip, assisting many people to work out their working job. What ‘s more, PETCO build up PETCO Foundation and other plans, like â€Å" Round up † , â€Å" Think Adoption First † . They donate in-kind goods and service to heighten the relationship between people and pets for valuable organisations. The 2nd measure is legal which means organisation should obey all Torahs and authorities ordinance ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010 ) . PETCO besides fulfill this measure, for illustration, it encourage all associates should follow the accounting Torahs include the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the by and large accepted accounting rules. The 3rd measure is ethical, which support rules and criterions to steer behaviour in the organisation ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010 ) . In the PETCO, it has several ethical plans to standard employees and stakeholders ‘ behaviours. For illustration, it avoids strugg les of involvement among associates and has the codification of ethical to turn to the credence of gifts and amusement. The highest measure is beneficent. In this measure, organisation is encouraged to do part to the society by their ain determination ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010 ) . PETCO does good in this facet through set uping foundations and plans. PETCO Foundation is one of the foundations to progress charitable, educational, and other philanthropic activities for the betterment of animate beings everyplace. The â€Å" Round Up † Program already raised $ 817,000 for local animal-welfare organisations in 2004. Beside them, PETCO besides has other plan contribute to philanthropic, such as, â€Å" Think Adoption First † , â€Å" Jumping a Pet † , â€Å" Tree of Hope † , â€Å" National Pet Adoption Days † and â€Å" Kind News † . Above all, PETCO already met the four degree of societal duty.Question 4In this inquiry, I would take ANZ bank from the Connect 4 Database to be analyzed as follows. It is stress on concern unity and professionalism, in order to run into the highest degrees of revelation and conformity. Through analyzing of the one-year study, it is could give a better of understanding how this company to obey the rules with ASX Governance. What will be concentrated on are Principle 2 and 4. The 2 rule is construction the board to add a value. Companies should hold a board of an effectual composing, size and committedness to adequately dispatch its duties and responsibilities. ( JIM PSAROS, 2009, p9 ) . This rule is aimed to set up a board in sensible construction so that the board is able to carry on their responsibilities efficaciously. ANZ used to finish the rule with Recommendation 2.1 A bulk of the board should be independent managers ( ASX Corporate Governance Council 2007, p10 ) . During the one-year study we can establish there are 10 managers in the board. Nine of them are independent managers, it besides stated that under appropriate state of affairss the managers, the board and the board commission are allowed to happen outside professional advice. It entree in appropriate fortunes to independent professional advice ( ANZ one-year study, 2009 ) Recommendation2.2. The chair should be an independent manager ( ASX Corporate Governance Council 2007, p17 the president of ANZ is a independent manager. He is besides a no-executive manager as good. He is responsible for leading of the board and for the efficient administration and behavior of the board ‘s operation. As the function in chair should ease the effectual part of all managers and advance constructive and respectful dealingss between managers and between board and direction. In the managers study of one-year study in ANZ it besides motioned they strict followed the function. ( ANZ one-year study, 2009 ) Recommendation 2.3 The function of chair and main executive officer should non be exercised by the same person ( ASX Corporate Governance Council 2007, p17 ) . During the one-year study, it province that the company divide the function of the president and the executive, The division of duties between the chair and the main executive officer should be agreed by the board and set out in a statement of place or authorization. They have different duty. ( ANZ one-year study, 2009 ) Recommendation 2.4 The board should set up a nomination commission ( ASX Corporate Governance Council 2007, p18 ) The board of ANZ besides delegate several commission such as administration commission, Human resources commission, hazard commission, audit commission and engineering commission. The board commission will hold a self-assessment to look into the completion of the responsibilities, ends and aims. They besides need to put the hereafter mark. ( ANZ one-year study, 2009, pp62-63 ) . Recommendation 2.5 Companies should unwrap the procedure for measuring the public presentation of the board, its commissions and single managers ( ASX Corporate Governance Council 2007, p19 ) . ANZ have public presentation ratings to look into the operation of the board, commissions and managers. This helps to guarantee the stockholders are able to maintain their value stable. ANZ present the ways that they evaluate assorted parties. In footings the rating of the non-executive managers. ANZ bank has an one-year reappraisal base to look into the completion of the responsibilities of managers. The president would keep a meeting with every single manager to look into the conformity of codification of behavior /ethics. The president will describe the item of the rating to the board or Governance commission. When the non- executive manager confront the re-selection. They will be given a opportunity to supply unwritten or written statement to bespeak the ground of rhenium -selection. Witho ut the non-executive manager, the Sus scrofas so will evaluation the statement harmonizing to the demand of public presentation to make up one's mind whether to hold the re-selection. In respect of the rating of the president of the board, the president of administration commission will confer with the managers to look into the public presentation of the president of the board harmonizing to the functions of the president of the board. Then, the president of administration commission will fix an overview study to the administration commission and the board. The president of board will have a study as a feedback. Recommendation 2.6 Companies should supply the information indicated in the Guide to describing on Principle 2 ( ASX Corporate Governance Council 2007, p20 ) .The board will be measure around 3 old ages. ANZ will ask for external facilitator to look into the public presentation of them so that the issues of the operation will be found. As an indicant of the rule, the ANZ-09-annual study reveals the experience, headers, former directorships, and the related item of the managers. The study besides indicates the attacks of the appraisal of the managers, commissions, board and presidents. The functions of presidents and the managers are besides explained in the study. Furthermore, the responsibilities and the policy of assorted commissions are shown in the study. ( ANZ one-year study, 2009 ) The rule 4 is to set up a construction to safeguard and scrutinize the unity of the fiscal coverage independently ( ASX Corporate Governance Council,2 vitamin E vitamin D n. ) The undertakings related to this rule are Recommendation 4.1: The board should set up an audit commission ( ASX Corporate Governance Council 2007, p25 ) The ANZ bank establishes an audit commission. The major responsibility of the commission is to scrutinize the fiscal coverage and scrutinizing rating. The commission makes assignment for the external audit party every bit good. The president of the commission is an expert in the fiscal country. He leads the operation of the commission, nevertheless, he does non hold any other add-on duty comparing to other members. ( ANZ one-year study, 2009 ) Recommendation 4.2: The audit commission should be structured so that it: consists merely of non-executive managers, consists of a bulk of independent managers, is chaired by an independent chair, who is non chair of the board 4 ) has at least three members ( ASX Corporate Governance Council 2007, p25 ) The construction of the audit commission have several cardinal characteristic. It consists of four members. All of them are independent, non-executive managers. Chairman, Mr. I J Macfarlane, is non the president of the board. ( ANZ one-year study, 2009 ) Recommendation 4.3: The audit commission should hold a formal charter ( ASX Corporate Governance Council 2007, p26 ) . The ANZ bank has a formal charter for the audit commission. For case, this charter requires that the member of the company must be financially liberated. They must non hold the nature to derive benefit from pull stringsing the fiscal study. The president of the company is an expert in fiscal. But he does non hold the power beyond other members of the commission. Recommendation 4.4: Companies should supply the information indicated in the Guide to describing on Principle 4 ( ASX Corporate Governance Council 2007, p27 ) . The duty and the manner of conductivity of audit commission are good reported in the one-year study. The members of the commission and their experience, including the limitation of the commission and president are good indicated in the study. However, the study merely mentioned that ANZ bank had a charter of the audit commission and several illustrations of it. There is no full tabular array of charter for the readers. ( ANZ one-year study, 2009 ) B ) Transparency means openness, communicating and answerability in general account. However, in concern, transparence could be described as revelations of related studies or executive procedures so that the direction of a company could be oversighted and governed by internal and external users or stakeholders in the concern group ( Hermalin & A ; Weisbach 2007 ) . As we know that a company dedicates to heighten its corporate administration, increasing transparence could be adopted, such as increasing unwraping demands particularly the fiscal revelation statements. Because corporate administration of a company is the system and procedures exercised and controlled by the corporation, like managers and direction, and besides trades with the relationship among stakeholders of the company, doing executive procedures or decision-making processs for the company transparent could heighten the administration of the corporation ( Hermalin & A ; Weisbach 2007 ) . There is existent illustration to demo that in order to manage the corporate dirts occurred in celebrated and large companies increasing disclosing demands has been one of the alterations to heighten the corporate administration advocated by authorities. For illustration, in US, the celebrated Enron dirts, Sarbanes-Oxley ( sox ) was adopted in response to the dirt and other administration failures and requires unwraping, â€Å" elaborate off-balance sheet funding and particular purpose entities † . So there exists positive relationship between transparence and corporate administration and transparence is increased for the object to heightening corporate administration. In the statements of ASX CGPR, most rules would turn to transparence. For illustration, in principle1, revelation of procedure for measuring public presentation of senior executives has been required and this would increase the transparence of the assessing processes to the populace. In priciple2, ASX addresses the transparence through unwraping the procedures for measuring the public presentation of the board, commissions and single managers, and elaborate information would be presented in the corporate administration subdivision of an one-year study, such as in the corporate administration statements portion of one-year study for Blackmores Ltd. And in rule 3 of ASX CGPR, the transparence is addressed during the process of showing the publicity of ethical and responsible decision-making. In other rules of ASX statements, transparence is besides presented by the demand for unwraping related exercise or executing procedures. For case in rule 5, 7 and 8, in order to do confidence for the conformity to related demands or ordinances, the letter writer company constabularies should be published and crystalline to internal and external users. Harmonizing to the old analysis, transparence is addressed throughout the conformity to the rules of ASX CGPR.

Tapal Tea Pvt. Limited: Report

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal Campus Tapal Tea (Pvt) Limited ADVISOR: MR. MUZHAR JAVED Lecturer Submitted By: MUHAMMAD AHSAN RAZA CIIT/FA08-MBA-012/SWL COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal 520-B Jail Road, Sahiwal, and Tel: 040-9200100, Fax: 040-9200102 Acknowledgement ? ? ? ? ? Countless thanks to ALLAH Almighty for giving me such extraordinary abilities and making me privileged enough to take part in such activities and all respects and regards to Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) for giving me the faith paving me on the right path with the essence of faith in GOD. I would like to thank our Supervisor Mr. Muzhar Javed for his cooperation and help. He fully supported me throughout my work. I express my heartiest gratitude to him. His cooperation made this project a lot much easier. I would also like to express my heartiest gratitude to: Mr. Muhammad Naeem Khan, Regional Sales Manager, Tapal Tea (Pvt) Ltd. Mr. Muhammad Kashif, Zonal Sales Manager, Tapal Tea (Pvt) Ltd. Mr. Fakhar Ayub Raja, Territory Sales Officer, Tapal Tea (Pvt) Ltd. Bundle of thanks to my parents, who were and are very supportive and cooperative at every time. Table of Contents Executive Summary3 TAPAL TEA4 History of Tapal Tea4 VISION5 Mission6 Business Operation9 Company Management9 Organizational Chart of Islamabad Region13 Corporate Information14 SWOT Analysis15 Marketing Strategy24 MARKETING MIX28 Competitive Strategy32 Business Process Analysis37 Learning as an Internee48 Duties49 Accomplishments51 New Knowledge Acquired54 Problem Encountered54 How Experience Impacts My Career54 CONCLUSION55 Glossary56 References57 Index58 Executive Summary From the dimmest of history when around 2727 B. C. few leaves of a wild shrub tea blew into the royal bowl of boiling water being sipped by the legendary Emperor Shah Nung, known as the Divine Husbander as well as a patron of arts. Tapal Tea here brought tea from the royal bowl to the common man's cups as the most sought after beverage the country over. Under the management of the founder's son, Faizullah A. Tapal, the company continued to grow and innovate. Currently it is being managed by the fo under's grandson, Aftab F. Tapal who has continued giving further strength to the foundations of quality laid by his family. After studying abroad, Aftab F. Tapal returned to introduce professional management and unique production ideas into the business. His progressive outlook resulted in the total automation of the tea plants in Karachi. Their motto â€Å"Never Compromise on Quality† remains the by word on the lips of all engaged in producing Tapal Tea that has resulted in customer's brand loyalty and their unflinching addiction. The testimony of their quality has made them the first tea company in Pakistan to earn the ISO-9001:2000 Quality Certificates. Pioneer of the Danedar category in Pakistan, Tapal's Danedar remains a firm favorite around the country with its grape-nutty appearance, rich golden color and a strong refreshing taste. In fact its popularity is such that several multinationals have launched their own versions, but Tapal remains the original and ultimate Danedar because of its unique color, aroma and taste. Color and a strong refreshing taste are its most significant attributes. Tapal is proud to have been a part of Pakistan's history since its inception. As a company they have grown and flourished together with the great nation. Founded by Adam Ali Tapal, the company first started marketing a number of quality blends to Pakistani consumer market through continuous innovation and research and development they gain 41% share of Pakistani market. They still are growing and hope to be a leader in a market in coming years. TAPAL TEA History of Tapal Tea The journey of Tapal's remarkable success is the combined efforts of three dynamic generations of the Tapal Family. In 1947, Tapal started out as a family concern under the personal supervision of its founder, Adam Ali Tapal. Against tough competition Adam Ali's unique blend, later named Family Mixture, became a hot favorite and eventually the largest selling brand in the unorganized tea market. From this auspicious beginning, Tapal moved from success to success introducing tea brands to suit every taste and pocket, sold from its retail outlet in Jodia Bazar, Karachi. The quality of Tapal tea soon became legendary and people from all parts of Karachi started lining up at the outlet to purchase tea. For their convenience, Tea distribution was initiated to retail outlets around the city. The company continued to grow under the management of the founder's son, Faizullah A. Tapal. Today the founder’s grandson, Aftab F. Tapal, manages Tapal Tea. After studying abroad, Aftab Tapal returned to Pakistan to introduce professional management and unique production ideas to the business. A well trained tea taster and tea connoisseur himself, Aftab Tapal introduced new tea concepts and developed a wide range of tea blends catering specifically to the tastes of people throughout Pakistan. His progressive outlook resulted in giving further strength to the foundation of quality laid by his family. Making a modest beginning over half a century back, today Tapal has become the largest, 100% Pakistani owned Tea Company in the country. It has modern tea blending and packaging factories, warehouses equipped with state-of-the-art equipment and a team of highly dynamic professionals headed by Aftab Tapal himself. VISION TAPAL’S VISION: TAPAL’s Environmental Vision is: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sustainable world, a world in which human populations can continue to exist indefinitely with a high standard of living and health †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To produce, market & distribute its product in a way that does not cause harm to people or damage to the Environment. We believe our activities should: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Respect the environment †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Generate economic benefits †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Create positive influence in the society †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Create opportunities for good quality of life Our Philosophy is: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To act locally, but think globally Our employees are: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Provided with the information & training necessary to enable them to perform their tasks in a hygienic manner. Mission â€Å"To satisfy our stakeholders and as a guiding principle to our business; be a benchmark for Quality, Creativity and Ethical values Achieve leadership in all categories of our core business and diversify in areas which compliment the core business. DISCOVERY OF TEA: In 2727 B. C Chinese Emperor Shen-Nung was boiling drinking water when a few leaves of a wild tea tree blew into the royal bowl. He discovered that the leaves imparted a delightful flavor to his water, and so it became his favored drink . It is probable that tea was first cultivated in China, though it is possible that people in Thailand and Burma have used it for as long as the Chinese have. The China tea plant was taken to Japan in about AD 800, where it was regarded as a medicine for several hundred years, until green tea was developed to become a popular beverage. Tea was introduced into England, as a gift from the British East India Company, in about AD 1660 and to rest to Europe soon thereafter. By the end of the 19th century, China still supplied the bulk of the world’s tea. In 1886 it exported 136 million kg, of which 77 million kg went to Britain, while India produced 40 million kg. But within a few years India moved ahead of China in world trade. Ceylon (Sri Lanka) emerged as a tea producer in 1867 and Java (now part of Indonesia) in 1878. Today, traditional tea growing countries of China India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Japan have been joined by many others in South America (Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador) and Africa (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Rwanda, and Mozambique). Tea is generally considered the oldest prepared beverage. Whatever its color (black, green, yellow or white, depending on how it has been processed), tea can be produced from three main varieties: camellia seinensis, camellia seinensis assamic and camellia seinensis Cambodians. When the tea tree grows under natural conditions, it is evergreen and can reach 10 to 15 meters, but when it is cultivated in gardens (the name given to tea plantation worldwide), its height is artificially limited to one meter in order to facilitate the pickers. Tea trees are grown mainly in tropical and subtropical regions with humidity of 70% to 90%. Rainfalls must be abundant and regularly distributed throughout the year, with a yearly average of 1,500 to 2,500 millimeters. PRODUCTION: Leaves can be picked by hand or mechanically. Manual picking yields leaves of higher quality. Picking is generally done according to the maturity of the leaves (from the top to the bottom of the tree, as a rule) and three levels of quality can be distinguished: †¢ Imperial picking involves picking only the terminal bud (Pekoe) and the first leave.? †¢ Fine picking involves picking the terminal bud and the first two leaves. †¢ Classical picking, the main technique used today, includes the terminal bud plus three to four leaves. Because of the product's perishable nature, final processing must occur as soon as possible after the leaves are picked, and special care is required during transportation and storage. The average yield per hectare from 1990 to 2003 was around 1. 2 metric tons, with yields in leading producing countries being 1. 4 tons per hectare in Sri Lanka and 2 tons per hectare in Kenya. Black tea is the only kind of tea that is subject to international quality regulations. It is classified according to two main methods, orthodox and crushing/tearing/curling (CTC). Within both categories tealeaves are classified into sub-categories, with the best quality represented by the pekoe and the condition of the pekoe and the lowest by the dust of leaves. Business Operation Company Management Aftab Tapal CEO, Tapal Tea (Pvt) Ltd. He introduced professional management and unique production ideas to the business. Being one of the few professional tea tasters in the country, and a tea connoisseur himself, his progressive outlook has given further strength to the foundation of quality laid by his family, and has bought the Tapal company to newer and higher levels of success. Evolving and innovating its way through its near 60 years history, Tapal is presently the largest, 100% Pakistani owned Tea Company in the country. Its has set new standards for modern tea blending and packaging factories, warehouses equipped with state-of-the-art equipment and a team of highly dynamic professionals headed by Aftab Tapal himself. He has established three production facilities in Pakistan, two in Karachi and one in Raiwind. In order to provide consistent quality, which is his commitment to his consumers, he brought in his organization the discipline of ISO 9001/2000. With such focused objectives and honesty in business dealings Mr. Aftab Tapal has been able to successfully compete against the multinational companies and has captured more than 35% market share of the organized market sector of Pakistan and is one of the top 100 tax paying companies of Pakistan and one of the top 5 FMCG companies of Pakistan. Haroon Rashid GM Marketing, Tapal Tea (Pvt) Ltd. Mohammedi Miabhoy Chief Operating Officer, Tapal Tea (Pvt) Ltd. Ayyaz Ali Khan GM Sales, Tapal Tea (Pvt) Ltd. Mohsin M. Saify GM Tea & Blend, Tapal Tea (Pvt) Ltd. Muhammad Shabbir GM Supply Chain, Tapal Tea (Pvt) Ltd. Syed Zafar Ali GM Administration, Tapal Tea (Pvt) Ltd. Own Ali GM Finance, Tapal Tea (Pvt) Ltd. Anjum Pervaiz GM Projects, Tapal Tea (Pvt) Ltd. Asghar Amin Head of Information Services, Tapal Tea (Pvt) Ltd. Arshad Sohail Head of Production, Maintenance & Quality Juzer Yousuf Ali Employee Relations Manager Imran Ali Khan Manager HR, Tapal Tea (Pvt) Ltd. Organizational Chart of Islamabad Region Corporate Information Tapal Tea (Pvt) Ltd. Head Office Plot 40, Sector 15, Korangi Industrial Area, Karachi-74900, Pakistan. Phone: 92-21 – 5063891 (4 Lines) 5050228 (4 Lines) Fax: 92-21 – 5063890 Lahore Office 2ND Floor, Block-5, Awami Flats, 4-Usman Block, New Garden Town, Phone: 042-5868738-5831593 Fax: 042 5868738 City Office Tapal House Sayedna Tahir Saifuddin Road, Namakwada Pan Mandi, Karachi. Phone: 021-2737202-4 Islamabad Regional Office Plot No. 212,213 Industrial Area I/9-2, Islamabad Phone: 051-4431109-5831942 SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis can serve as an interpretative filter to reduce the information to a manageable quantity of key issues. The SWOT analysis classifies the internal aspects of the company as strengths or weaknesses and the external situational factors as opportunities or threats. Strengths can serve as a foundation for building a competitive advantage, and eaknesses may hinder it. By understanding these four aspects of its situation, a firm can better leverage its strengths, correct its weaknesses, capitalize on golden opportunities, and deter potentially devastating threats. The company's SWOT analysis of the tea market is as under: ? |Situation Analysis | |Internal Analysis | |External Analysis | |Strengths | |Weaknesses | |Opportunities | | | |Threats | |SWOT Analysis | STRENGTHS: The strength of the company would be the innovation and the high quality products. Because of these the company is able to survive in the market and still earning a good market share comparing to its competitors. Integrated Quality Management: Tapal has a great strength of integrated quality management because ISO 9001 standard is currently being revised to ISO 9001: 2008 Tapal has taken a strategic decision to capitalize this opportunity of revisiting QMS for the integration of other management system, like: ISO 9001:2008 (Quality Management System), ISO 14001 (Environment Management System), OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health & Safety System), ISO 20000 (Information Security System) and ISO 22000 (Food Safety System). This integrated system has been titled as â€Å"TIMS†- Tapal Integrated Management System. Localizing Tea Brands: Tapal tea Pvt Ltd is a fully Pakistani owned company and all the SKU’s(Stock Keeping Units) of Tapal tea are the local brands because all the p roduction, packaging, labeling is totally in Pakistan. Similarly its main brand Tapal Danedar owns the equity of understanding the diversity of the tea drinking culture of Pakistan. The Tapal Danedar is a local brand so four different areas were setup for its launching. These different areas were: a lounge, a dhabba, a cafe and a veranda to symbolize the diversity and show the localization of Tapal Danedar at the time of its launching. Strong Heritage: Tapal has always been abreast with changing trends and have adopted to the consumer and the retailer needs. Being the second largest tea brand in Pakistan, Tapal tea has always endeavored to cater to changing consumer needs. Due to strong heritage and local brands Tapal tea took a decision in 2008 to bring tapal Danedar in to hard pack with the same quality, weight and price this resolved a lot of stocking and display issues also helped retain the freshness of the tea for a longer time. The introduction of a hard pack is a tribute to the diversity of strong heritage of tea culture in the four corners of the Pakistan. The† four corners† mean the diversity of Pakistani people and the diversity in their heritage. Strong Supply Line: Tapal has a distribution network spread across Pakistan, from Karachi to Khyber with over 400 distributors. From their warehouses which are in KARACHI, HYDRABAD, SUKHUR, MULTAN, RAIWIND, the product move to the distributors as only in north, they have 207 distribution channels. And from these distributors the product moves to the next, which is retailer and then to the consumer. IBL (International Brands Ltd. ) distribution company, although charges high commission charges, offers efficient service in Karachi which it is made sure that product will be widely distributed, retailers will not experience shortage of products and the name IBL increases more value of the product. Similarly in Islamabad are the two istribution companies FRIENDS and ITTEHAD provide services for the distribution of Tapal tea which effectively and efficiently covers the all areas of Islamabad. This is also one of their strengths that they have a strong distribution channels. In the beginning the company sole aim was to capture the tea market of Karachi, as they were already in tea business here, only and then strate gically build there network to other cities of Pakistan. Low credit sales: Due to local brands Tapal tea get the 41% market share all over the Pakistan and continuously its shares is increasing. Tapal tea has highly profitable sales with minimum credits especially in Islamabad. In Islamabad in month of July the target of sales of Tapal tea was 12 tons (12000 kg, Rs. 4. 8 millions) but Tapal made a record sale of 15 tons (15000 kg, Rs. 6 millions) in that month with the only credit of Rs. 8 lac. Highly Innovative: Tapal tea is highly innovative because it not only makes the tea products but also introduce Tea as a soft drink with name of ICE TEA first time in Pakistan. 14th of June 2007 was a historic day at Tapal Tea (Pvt) Ltd. Pakistan’s own and favorite hot tea beverage company took its first step towards expansion with the introduction of its new product â€Å"Tapal Ice Tea†. The first consignment of Tapal Ice Tea was ceremoniously dispatched from the company’s warehouse on Thursday the 14th of June 2007. We say â€Å"Tapal Ice Tea Chill Karo† because Tapal Ice Tea truly adds to the fun of your chilling out style. It offers a lot more than refreshment. Brand activation: The reason brand activation is emerging very fast in the field of marketing is its control and grip over its consumer base. This field relatively flexible in comparison to ATL where we can easily customize our marketing as needed. Be it the direct consumer contact float activation, Event Management, Public Relation or branding, it all fits in easily. One of the key factors of Tapal success is that it has full trust in its activation strategy and has always invested huge amount in this medium. Realizing the effectiveness of activation, Tapal has been exploring almost all the major plate forms of activation. Event Marketing: Event marketing is one of the most effective tools of brand activation Tapal has been coveting all the areas where event marketing can be done. Tapal tea has been sponsoring the Jashn-e-Baharan festival in Sahiwal for the last four years. Be it social programs are sponsorship events like Dawn lifestyles, Tapal has always been there to get its consumers to experience with its brands. WEAKNESSES: The authorities of Tapal mentioned no major weaknesses but its intense competition as our analysis is one of their weaknesses as to stay alive against a giant as Unilever and the other one new entrant as Tetley. Centralization Management: In Tapal it is experienced that there is centralization of decisions. Due to which efficiency and functionality is disturbed. Tapal will have to change its highly concentrated culture, in order to be more flexible. Distribution System: Tapal has got the services of IBL (International Brands Pvt. Ltd) in Karachi. While due to highly focus on locally segmented brands like Meezban, there is better supply system, which is not existed in rest of the country. Highly Dependent on TAPAL’s Equity: Capital is essence for any organization. More the finance will be, higher we will be confident on its bright future. As Tapal is private limited company, therefore it is relatively weak in corresponding to the emerging trends of the market. Relative Technological Backwardness: Above point can be described in this aspect that due to less equity it is backward in adopting new technologies. No Competitive Advantage: There are limited options to attract the customers towards this commodity, because there is not clear competitive advantage aver competitors. Tapal can produce Black tea, Green tea, and Ice tea etc, but further Tapal has to depend largely on mass advertisement. OPPORTUNITIES: One of the greatest opportunities is that Tapal has its huge market, which is increasing as the population is increasing. Tea has become a staple product in Pakistan, which cannot be denied at 20 to 60 year of age. Per capita consumption is almost 1kg according to a recent research in Pakistan. The consumption of tea increases with the growth in population. At the moment, the population of the country is growing at a rate of 2. 9% annually, and the consumption of tea at a rate of 6%. This means that presently there is a considerable opportunity for the growth of tea in Pakistan. The initial re-launch of Tapal Family Mixture is limited to Karachi only, however, other principle cities will be taken into account in the future. Especially in Punjab mixture blend can be introduced under the brand name of Family Mixture. Slowly, Family Mixture will penetrate the market in other cities and expand its future market share. Traditional Drinking Habits: Tea has been a main drink of common Pakistanis and fortunately its use is increasing in common Pakistanis very much. Facts and figures tell us that use of tea is increasing at double rate as compared to the increase in population such as the population of the country is growing at a rate of 2. 9% annually, and the consumption of tea at a rate of 6%. It is the biggest opportunity for Tapal to grab the most part of the market. Expansion in other Beverage Markets: There is very much monotony of brands in tea industry. More opportunities can be explored by using innovative ideas. In recent years, Tapal has launched â€Å"Ice Tea† brand, which is the step forward to prevail in other sort of beverage market. Awareness in this regard is very much of crucial importance. Research and Development: In order to make its tea brand unique is quit difficult for any organization. R department seems to be prominent among very less alternatives. This is vital to utilize these opportunities. Expansion in Other Areas of Country: Tapal is not existed in every part of the country. On the other side, tea market is spreading day by day. So Tapal has a big field to play. It can strengthen its standing in current markets as well as by exploring new markets. Growing Health Awareness: Usually, it is considered in our society that tea is not good for health. While many research reports have published in different journals and magazines that tea is very helpful for continuous working. So Tapal should take a step to spread this fact. It can start its campaign with the collaboration of other players of the tea industry. Exports: Pakistan has very rich taste in drinking tea. It is one of those countries in which tea is widely drunk. If Tapal can get good position in Pakistan then it can satiate other parts of the world as well. Tapal should fill this gap by going for exports. THREATS: One of the major threats that Tapal has its area of the market, which is not educated, and it is using the loose tea, which may not be good for their health as well. Tapal claims that it is not possible for them to create such a big awareness for them but the Government should play his role so that these people should have some awareness of the imported loose tea. A rigorous threat is the increasing number of branded and unbranded tea in the market with ample price difference. For that, established companies need to increase their advertising and promotional budget. There is a need to get a better shelf space and more retailer patronization for the company's brand. Strong Competition in Rural and Urban Market: Tapal is facing stiff competition in the presence of Lipton. It is very difficult to compete in this market, because tea has not very much variety in its taste. To hold on the existing share as well as going further by competing such environment is the major threat. Internationally Increasing  Tea Prices: Pakistan is not self sufficient in tea. It has to import tea from abroad. And running an industry of which base is on imported good is quit challenging. There is another aspect of this picture that Pakistan has put duty of 10 pc on tea imported from Kenya. Kenya tea is liked mostly due to its taste, while tea from Bangladesh and Srilanka is duty free, so maintaining taste might be going to cost very much. High Inflation within Country: Recession is all over the world. Pakistan is not out of the influence. Due to this down turn purchasing power of Pakistanis is going down side as well. In this scenario innovation and introducing new products might cost very high. Saturation of Hot Beverage Segment: Lipton, Tetley, Vital and supreme are the some of the main competitors of Tapal tea. They are providing very stiff competition in front of Tapal. Similarly Islamabad tea and Peshawari Chai are among the local brands which are competing Tapal in rural areas. Political Conditions: This is the threat which has been facing by all industries. Pakistan’s political scene is quit unpredictable. Change of government and change of policies come together. It is not the better situation to file and implement long run policies. So it is very important threat to be considered for the exports to the other countries. |Internal Factors |Strengths |Weaknesses | |Management |Experienced, broad base of interests and |Large size may lead to conflicting interests. | | |knowledge. | |Product Line |Differentiated, Variation in products. |So much product lines but still not able to | | | |knock out loose tea. | |Marketing |Diverse and local awareness. |May lose focus, may not be segmented enough. | |Personnel |Very experienced, high knowledge. |Possible conflicts due to so many people, | | | |possible trouble staying focused. |Finance |High sales revenue, high sale growth, large |High expenses, may have trouble balancing | | |capital base. |cash-flows of such a large operation | |Research & Development |Continuous efforts to researc h trends an |Sometimes they conduct research but the | | |reinforce creativity. |advantage is taken over by small competitors. | |External Factors |Opportunities |Threats | |Consumer/Social |Increase in the population. Illiterate people go for loose tea, which is | | | |substandard as well. | |Competitive |Distinctive name, product and packaging in |Intense competition can pay so they have to | | |with regards to its markets. |keep eyes open. | |Technological |Maintenance of proper website which subscribes|Competitors are global leaders so they have | | |and provides information regarding long |more technology as compared to Tapal. | |production line. | | |Economic |Consumer income is high for the Danedar class. |Very elastic demand, almost pure competition. | Marketing Strategy MARKETING OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the marketing plan are strategically centered on 3 criteria: †¢ To create a strong consumer awareness against unorganized tea product. †¢ To establish a wi de brand recognition through the capture of market shares in the multi segment. †¢ To become the top market leader in that particular segment within the strong research and development. TARGET MARKETING: The target market is that they are defining for our brand Tapal Danedar is the A class and B+ class. The target of this brand is the urban area of the country and along with the use in offices and business class as well. Tapal Danedar is basically the one to one competitor against Lipton yellow label. The class and geographical location we can say is almost same for both the brands. MARKETING SEGMENTATION: As a whole when we see the market of tea in Pakistan, although it is not clearly segmented but, Tapal did this thing very accurately that it segmented the market very accurately. Its 11 brands in the current clearly shows the potential of each brand in each segment define by the company. They clearly look at the nature and extent of diversity of buyers needs and wants in a market. This thing offers a great opportunity for Tapal to focus its business capabilities on the requirement of one or more groups of buyers. The main objective of this segmentation is to examine differences in needs and wants and to identify the segments within the product market of interest. MARKET SHARE PICTURE: Our main focus is on organized tea market where different companies like UNILEVER and TAPAL are holding the main market share. Some other companies also present in the market but having very low share of the market. †¢ Unilever Pakistan limited has 43% market share. †¢ Tapal Tea private limited has 41% market share. †¢ Vital tea limited has 6% market share. †¢ Tetley has 4% market share †¢ The remaining 6% belongs to other market share in the organized market. Unorganized market also captures a good market share in the total tea market of Pakistan. 70000 tons out of 150000 consumption is of unorganized tea. 1% of total population of Pakistan are living in rural areas. Due to illiteracy and lack of awareness they are consuming unorganized tea, which is mainly affecting the organized tea market. Due to this they are enjoying a very big market share of the total tea market. Organized segment mainly depend on the imported tea. Mainly big players are importing tea from different countries like Kenya, UK, and Bangladesh. Last some year’s imported figures for Pakistan is described in the chart below. Unorganized tea is mainly smuggled from different neighbor countries of Pakistan. That’s why it has a large proportion in total consumption of tea in Pakistan, which is 70000 tons of total 150000 tons. MARKET TRENDS: Trends are now changing. If we see the consumers of tea firstly they are using or you can say addicted of the generic tea, which is the black one, but now the trend is changing. Consumers now want something different in taste now, as the competition is getting higher. Consumer of tea wants some new flavors in tea because now their taste is changing as the time is changing so trend is changing in the market. And Tapal utilize this trend very accurately as their innovations show us everything. Tapal Meezban, Danedar, Safari, and specially round metal free tea bags and last but not the least Tapal ice tea shows that as the trend is changing in the market Tapal also using this trend in the form of new innovations. MICRO-ENVIRONMENT ANAYSIS: SUPPLIERS: All tea in Pakistan is imported. Pakistan mainly imports tea from Kenya and other African countries like Uganda, Burundi and Tanzania, while multinational companies in Pakistan also import tea from Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Bangladesh. Tapal’s suppliers are major the importers of Tea from these countries. MARKETING INTERMEDIARIES: Tapal has a countrywide sales & distribution network. The company has over 400 distributors operating nationwide. CUSTOMERS: Tapal considers complete Pakistani tea market to be its current and prospective customers. Therefore, it has brands that cater to almost all demographic, geographic and social-class wise segmented market of Pakistan. Its customers are all people living in both rural and urban areas of Pakistan who like having tea. Tapal has always targeted families as its potential consumers. With the view that the younger generation will be Tapal’s future customers, Tapal is actively supporting the fast developing music industry in Pakistan. It has sponsored the leading singers in Pakistan and actively participates in music concerts. UNIQUE SELLING PREPOSITION: The main reason behind Tapal’s success is that it has localized its taste. It manufactures its product according to the taste and requirements of the market it is catering. Another reason behind Tapal’s success in catching the hearts of the consumers is that, it has always been close to them. This has been possible because of its strong Brand Activation Activities. These activities have added a new dimension to their marketing activities making them more attractive, exciting and interactive as possible. These activities not only reinforce Tapal as a national company but also assist all its other brands in having their desired impact wherever required. These activities are customized according the brand requirements to achieve maximum results. Not only this, these activities also provide the consumer with a 360-degree product experience, which not only helps in educating the consumer but also engages them to the brand. These activities cover Outdoor Billboards, Event Marketing, Road Shows i. e. floats, mobile kitchens etc, Rural Development Programs, Weekly Bazaars, and Merchandizing of the products. MARKET GROWTH: Industry is now on the maturity stage. Large players has established their brands in the market and enjoyed huge profit margins. Now they are looking towards product differentiation and multi segmentation because consumers are now more taste conscious and looking for variety available to them in a tea market. MARKETING MIX PRODUCT The core †¢ Tea Beverage The actual product Packaging and labeling: see figure in front †¢ Branding: red color, aspect of refreshing, hard pack and soft pack both. †¢ Trade name: Tapal Danedar, a TAPAL product †¢ Brand personality Freshness, Healthy, Innovative, etc. †¢ Brand equity: Tapal Danedar provides a quality, consistent, innovative and accessible tea reputation. Tapal has a variety of brands each catering to different market seg ments. After TAPAL’s unique Family Mixture became Karachi’s largest selling brand, the company was encouraged to innovate further. As a result an entirely new category brand called Danedar was created and launched. Tapal Daneder became the country’s largest selling tea brand with a loyal following, which shows that Tapal has been successful in creating a strong Brand Image amongst its consumers. Tea is part of culture in this region and now Tapal has become an integral part of this tradition with an unparalleled grace of its own. PRICE: The pricing strategy that they are following for Tapal is cost oriented as the price that tapal is taking is comparatively low then its main competitor Yellow label tea. The price going for some products are: 200 grams Tapal Danedar Hard Pack 80rs. 400 grams Tapal Danedar Family Pack 155rs. Prices for Lipton Yellow Label Tea are: 200 grams Yellow Label 95rs. 500 grams Yellow Label 235rs. So its price we can say that varies according to cost and even in high quality, which they are claiming, their price is low as compared to Yellow Label Tea. Tapal people never wanted to compromise on quality so they adopted value based pricing. As Tapal specifically catering to different segments of the market so its prices are based on its effective value to customers relative to other products. Also the prices are different for different SKU’s CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION: Manufacturer ——? Distributor———? Retailer ——–? Consumer The channel of distributions according to this brand Tapal Danedar is simply as shown by the diagram as manufacturer to distributors who vary according to geographical dispersion and then to retailer to final consumer. Tapal has a great channel of distribution not only to this brand but also all other brands that vary geographically according to consumer needs. TAPAL has 5 main warehouses in Pakistan, which are located in the following cities. 1. KARACHI 2. HYDERABAD 3. SUKHUR 4. MULTAN 5. RAIWIND From these warehouses the product move to the distributors as only in north they have 207 distribution channels. And from these distributors the product moves to the next, which is retailer and then to the consumer. This is also one of their strengths that they have a strong distribution channels. In the beginning the company sole aim was to capture the tea market of Karachi, as they were already in tea business here, only and then strategically build there network to other cities of Pakistan. Now Tapal has a distribution network spread across Pakistan, from Karachi to Khyber with over 400 distributors. Extensive training programs are provided for the devoted sales personnel. The popularity of its fine brands is unabated, making it the No 1 national tea company in Pakistan. Tapal caters to its customers by providing Tapal Danedar and Family Mixtures to more than 140,000 outlets in Pakistan, which include superstores, department stores, general stores, medical stores, paan walas, grocery stores, merchants, etc. Grocery stores and merchants together provide 80% volume of the tea sales. PROMOTION: OBJECTIVES: To make the brand remind the consumer as much it could be: †¢ Tapal is using both BTL and ATL for the purpose of promotion. †¢ Through BTL Tapal is focusing on display racks, sign boards etc. ainly placed to different retailers for heavy promotion against their competitors. †¢ The specific term used by Tapal is the MODERN TRADE so that they have an eye contact of the product with the customer. In this they are using shelves to display their product in big stores like BEST PRICE, BUY BEST, HARLORD’S, and 7th EVENUE etc. †¢ Thro ugh ATL Tapal is focusing on broadcast and print media promotion by placing ads on T. V and placing newspapers ads as well. ELECTRONIC MEDIA: Initially, the company relied heavily upon print media but this trend is changing now because of the in customer’s life style. Right now, company is doing intensive advertising through networks. In their advertisement they hire the services of renowned celebrities. TAPAL AND MUSIC: With the view that the younger generation will be TAPAL’s future customers, TAPAL is actively supporting the fast developing music industry in Pakistan. It has sponsored the leading singers in Pakistan and actively participates in music concerts. SALES PROMOTION STRATEGIES: The Company is running different sales promotional schemes at different times of the year depending on the sales of the company. TAPAL’s brand is backed by planed strategy implementation and followed up with affective communication its advertising and promotion is touching all aspects of media and market opportunities. MARKETING RESEARCH: Tea blending and tasting is both an art and a science and Tapal prides itself on having mastered both the aspects. Tapal has adroitly judged the factory senses and keenness of the taste buds of their patrons, resulting in the creation of various well known brands. Aftab F. Tapal is a well trained and highly experienced tea taster of the country and is recognized as a qualified tea specialist worldwide. Tapal's tea managers have been trained at home and abroad in this very rigorous and specialized discipline, and have frequently traveled to leading tea producing countries searching for better teas. Tapal is a research oriented company. It subscribes to and conducts various researches in the area of retail audits, consumer behavior, media planning and product development. This research is used for continuous improvement in product quality, brand positioning and communication according to the changing requirements of the consumers. Consistency and quality are the two keystones of Tapal's production policy, and the Quality Control Department at Tapal ensures that flavor and freshness is never compromised. That's why all the brands, whether Danedar, Tapal Special or Tapal Family Mixture, always taste exactly as expected, retaining aroma and freshness till the last sip. RESEARCH ON THE HARD PACK; According to the marketing manager service he conducted a research at different big cities of the country so that to analyze consumer behavior by this research many classes were taken over in 12 different sessions. By this research first they showed the ad of Tapal and then ask about their thoughts and feelings related to the ad. The target market is housewives from different classes and on the basis of this research tapal concluded that they have to launch a hard pack of Tapal Danedar. As its target market was not comfortable to use the soft pack due to the status problem. Now after the launching, Tapal claims that it is difficult to fulfill the market needs of hard pack due to high demand. Competitive Strategy COMPETITIVE SITUATION: Unilever owns two of the most widely recognized product lines Lipton and Brooke Bond. The major competition facing Lever at present is from Tapal Danedar Tea, who is truly a market challenger. Lipton comprises of Yellow Label which is designed for upper middle, upper lower and upper middle class, which is a market leader in the industry, it comes in all the packages including hard packs, jars, and teabags. Lipton yellow label although the direct competitor of Brooke Bond Supreme comes in the family of Unilever so it is prone to its competing attacks. Lipton follows a massive promotion scheme to hold its share. Richbru is designed for middle and lower Upper classes and Pearl dust is designed for rural areas, mostly districts of Sindh where consumption of dust is extensive. They both are not stated as direct competitors of Supreme because they are targeting to different audience. Lipton has a market share of 43%. Brooke Bond comprises of Supreme and A1 karak Tea which is designed for lower classes, originally known as Kenya mixture and then A1 Kenya mixture. Brooke Bond has a market share of 9%. Tapal with the assortments like Danedar and Family mixture collectively has a market share of 41% overall and in Karachi it has 24%. Tapal is not only a direct competitor but can be stated as a only competitor because all the major market share holders belong to the family of Unilever except Tapal. Tapal also comes in various packages and consumes much of the shelf space in super markets and convenient stores. Tapal has the biggest advantage of its assortments as is served not only by mixture but also Danedar which is getting very popular day by day. Tapal has a good image in consumer’s mind and its price is also reasonably attractive. A sizable portion of the market is dominated by loose tea or unbranded tea. However, these brands are currently threatened by smuggled tea from Afghanistan which is available in the open market duty free. This has posed a lot of problems for genuine importers of tea who cannot compete with this tea because of its low price. This unbranded tea’s have the biggest market share of 40% because of its low price. COMPETITION LEVEL; Direct competition of Tapal tea is with Lipton yellow label tea. Indirect competition of Tapal is with coffee, loose tea and other flavored teas. Generic competition includes all the generic products, which can fulfill consumer’s generic needs. PROMOTION ACTIVITIES: Tapal has a competitive strategy to make the promotion activities in all over the country, in urban areas as well as in rural areas. This is a great competitive advantage over the competitor Lipton which makes the promotion activities only in the urban areas. Tapal plan the following promotion activities: Float Activity: Tapal Danedar conducted a float activity recently in the rural areas of Pakistan. A Tapal Danedar branded float moved in different towns and the float was stationed in high traffic areas which generated the most crowds. The idea of this activity was to generate brand awareness and increase visibility. So it is the great competitive advantage over the competitor for increasing brand awareness and increasing visibility. Demo Activity: It was carried out in the semi urban regions of Punjab and was aimed towards women, in forming them about the benefits of tapal Danedar. Tapal Danedar set up stalls with branded umbrellas and tables. Women passing by were invited to the stall where a female promoter spoke to them about the benefits of tapal Danedar and disadvantages of loose tea. All that time free tea samples were given to the people visiting the stall making the atmosphere cheerful festive. This is the competitive strategy of Tapal tea to promote and aware the customers about its products as well as its advantages. Shop kiosk Activity: A Tapal Danedar branded kiosk was placed at a no. of Kiryana and General stores where promoters would invite customers passing by and inform them about the various deals being offered by tapal Danedar due to this activity Tapal get the competitive advantage over the competitor this is the store competitor strategy by which customers get awareness about the tapal products and increase and due to this strategy tapal stare getting more market share against the competitors. Relationship with Multinational Company: For getting the competitive edge over the competitor especially in tea blending packing and technological innovation the management of tapal visited time to time different multinational tea companies, such as the management team of tapal recently visited the tea factory of â€Å"TYPHOO† based in Liverpool England. The team was treated to an extensive visit of the production facilities and spent the day with the â€Å"TYPHOO† management team where some extremely valuable ideas and best practices process were exchanged between the two companies. ATL AND BTL ACTIVITIES: Both ATL and BTL activities do play a key roll in advertising and promotion of all SKU’s of Tapal tea. Media releases played a great roll to give information about the newly launched Hard Pack, service or company out to a large amount of potential customers while BTL activities addressed specific as well as selected mass audience in a particular area which will sustain for long duration. Through ATL and BTL activities Tapal has a great competitive advantage over the competitor and through using this competitive strategy they make reasonable market share and continuously increasing in their share due to this strong competitive strategy. CONTINUOUS LEARNING ABOUT MARKETS: In order to survive in the market you must have continuous learning about the market. Tapal did it very efficiently as their innovation shows this. They have the ability and they utilize it beautifully. Their continuous learning makes them real competitors against an international recognize brands like supreme, Lipton etc. Tapal Chai Family Mixture is the pride of Tapal developed by the forefathers in 1947 and thus creating a new category of Mixture in the tea market. It is the blend that started the Tapal success story, and now other tea companies are following Tapal’s footsteps by entering the market with similar blends. Danedar Leaf Blend Pioneer of the Danedar category in Pakistan, Tapal’s Danedar remains a firm favorite around the country with its grape-nutty appearances, rich golden color and a strong refreshing taste. Tea is part of culture in this region and now Tapal has become an integral part of this tradition with an unparalleled grace of its own. PIONEERS of SOFT PACKAGING: Technology is also harnessed at Tapal to benefit the consumer. From the very beginning, Tapal realized the importance of importing innovative technologies such as the soft packing process. A fully automatic facility was established where soft packs were produced for the first time in Pakistan. At this facility tea is blended and packed in hygienic conditions, untouched by human hands whilst the soft packing technology keeps tea fresh and packaging costs economical. The success of these soft packs has been such that other tea companies have also followed Tapal's lead and launched some of their brands in soft packaging. And their other innovations are: †¢ The first to introduce soft packs in the country. †¢ The first tea company to introduce metal-free tea bags. The first to develop an entirely new blend and category-Tapal Family Mixture (the mixture of leaf & dust). †¢ The first to invent the highly successful brand Danedar Leaf Blend. The first to market Kenya teas in Pakistan. The first tea company to be awarded the ISO 9001/2000 Quality Certification As a step towards backward integration Tapal has begun tea plantation at Shinkiari in the northern region of Pakistan. This project aims at providing jobs, saving the country's valuable foreign exchange and is a significant step towards self-sufficiency. Tapal is also the 1st national tea company to export tea to the UAE, Canada and USA. This is again a pioneering step towards increasing value-added exports and is also a fast developing source of foreign exchange for the country. Business Process Analysis A COMMITMENT TO QUALITY; â€Å"NEVER COMPROMISE ON QUALITY† has been the motto at Tapal since the very beginning. This commitment to quality has resulted in a high level of customer satisfaction and unflinching brand loyalty. In December 1997, Tapal Tea became the first Pakistani Tea Company to earn the ISO-9001 certification, a symbol of the highest international quality standards. Again in December 2000, Tapal acquired the ISO9001: 2000 certification, making it one of the first few companies in the world to achieve this milestone. In addition to the standard requirements, the ISO9001: 2000 certification system includes requirements for environment improvement, concepts of TQM (continuous improvement) with major emphasis on consumer requirements and satisfaction. Quality Policy; The management and the employees of Tapal Tea (Private) Limited is committed to: †¢ Produce products that meet the customer’s requirements & expectations. †¢ Fulfill the requirements and effectiveness of the quality management system through continuous improvements. †¢ Constantly review & update the relevant quality objectives of products & processes in line with the Company’s Statement of Commitment. †¢ Participate individually & collectively as a team towards the improvements of processes, personnel, environment & ethical values. Brands; The reason behind Tapal’s success in catching the hearts of the consumers is that, it has always been close to them. This has been possible because of its strong Brand Activation Activities. These activities have added a new dimension to their marketing activities making them more attractive, exciting and interactive as possible. These activities not only reinforce Tapal as a national company but also assist all its other brands in having their desired impact wherever required. These activities are customized according the brand requirements to achieve maximum results. Not only this, these activities also provide the consumer with a 360-degree product experience, which not only helps in educating the consumer but also engages them to the brand. These activities cover Outdoor Billboards, Event Marketing, Road Shows (floats, mobile kitchens etc), Rural Development Programs, Weekly Bazaars, and Merchandizing of the products. Tapal Tea has total 11 brands which are as under: 1. DANEDAR 2. FAMILY MIXTURE 3. TEZDAM 4. GULBHAR 5. GREEN TEA 6. ICE TEA 7. INSTEA 8. TAPAL SPEACIAL 9. CHANAK DUST 10. MAIZBAN DUST 11. SAFARI TAPAL DANEDAR: Since 1947, Tapal Tea (Pvt) Ltd. has been the leading tea company in Pakistan. Since then, this prestigious corporation has expanded extensively and has introduced many successful tea brands complementing the different tastes of tea drinkers nationwide. At present, Tapal Danedar is the flagship brand of the company, standing as a true national brand. The history of Tapal Danedar is a success story in its own. In 1987, Tapal Tea launched a new category of tea in the market, called ‘Danedar’. This was a ‘Dana’ blend from the high grown tea leaves of the highest tea gardens in the world. Each component of Danedar blend is carefully selected to provide a lovely looking leaf appearance that is neat, black, grainy and fairly even. Danedar blend is an excellent combination of lively taste and distinct flavor of world’s best high grown teas, which produces satisfying cup of tea for the consumers who like aromatic or flavor tea. The innovation was so successful that other multinational tea companies decided to enter the category and launch similar brands. Tapal Danedar has ever since maintained its top position in the category and is still the 3rd largest tea brand in Pakistan. As a result of Tapal’s corporate philosophy, being the benchmark in creativity, many valued additions have been made to the brand over the years. The first was the introduction of Tapal Danedar teabags and later the innovative string less â€Å"Round Tea Bags† were launched. The most important feature of this top quality Danedar brand is that the characteristics of a brewed cup remain intact even after a long time. Tapal Danedar has throughout been an extremely strong brand, creating loyal consumers across Pakistan. Simply, Danedar is a powerful brand and a great value product and there is no real substitute of it. Today, the Danedar family comprises of a multiple SKU’s (stock keeping units) including 3 trade mark soft pack variations, 3 enveloped pack sachets, a high utility jar, a pouch and the ground breaking convenient teabags. 100 g 200 g 400 g 1000 g JAR FAMILY MIXTURE: Family Mixture is a blend of high grown Kenyan primary leaf and dust grades, which are carefully selected for their rich color, distinct flavor and a bright golden lively appearance. It is a pioneering brand which started its journey in 1947. It’s a brand that brought about significant success, in fact, a breakthrough for the Company. Besides, it pioneered a unique mixture of leaf and dust tea in Pakistan. As a blend, it took no time to take off and found favor with taste buds from varying levels of market segments. The blend, perhaps, stays at the core of success. The strength of Tapal Family Mixture is not only due to Company’s inherent interest in the brand but owes a great deal to the farsighted vision of its creators, with a deep understanding of the habits of millions of country’s tea drinkers. Tapal Family Mixture has been around and kicking for several decades now. In spite of long years of facing competition, which became tougher by the year, Tapal Family Mixture still holds it’s own. Backed by growing intelligent marketing, TFM today continues to command a leadership position in Pakistan’s tea industry or market. 100 g 200 g ? Kg GREEN TEA: Keeping the changing tastes and expectations of our customers in mind Tapal introduced a range of Green Teas that is healthy and revitalizing in taste. Tapal Green Tea is blended to perfection using the finest tealeaves and specially selected flavors to give a refreshing experience of light taste and soothing aroma. â€Å"Green Tea† unlike black tea undergoes minimal oxidation during processing and is made from leaves that are not fermented before being dried. Originating from China, today green tea is consumed all over the world for its medicinal values and great taste. It carries many health benefits as the antioxidants present in it destroy free radicals that damage cells in the body and also controls the glucose level. Green tea lowers cholesterol and blood-insulin levels, which helps in burning of fat. Furthermore, it promotes good all-round health, as it has no side effects. Tapal Shades of Green is an aromatic combination of the finest and carefully selected tealeaves and the tantalizing freshness of natural Jasmine, Elaichi and Lemon. Jasmine Introduced in the year 2000, Tapal Jasmine Green Tea with its vibrant essence and a distinct soothing effect breathes new life in to your senses. Jasmine Green Tea is a winning combination of alluring fragrance and health. Infused with Jasmine flowers, Jasmine Green Tea opens a new window to your mind. 90 g Elaichi Launched in 2005, Tapal Elaichi Green Tea was well received by green tea lovers nationwide for its revitalizing taste. The uplifting flavor of Elaichi tenderly takes your body to a whole new level of vitality. 45 g Lemon After joining the Tapal Green Tea family in 2006, Tapal Lemon Green Tea with its rich taste regenerates your soul. It is your perfect soul mate to indulge in a rejuvenating experience of its succulent essence. 45 g TAPAL ICE TEA: The invention of ice tea is generally believed to have occurred in America in 1904, although some evidence has been presented that it may have been drunk in the South well before that. Like many great inventions, ice tea was created completely by accident. It was a sweltering day during the World's Fair in St. Louis, Missouri, and Englishman Richard Blechynden's tea concession was not doing well. He could not entice anyone to try his steaming beverage. The sweltering heat drove all visitors past his wares. Until he struck upon a solution. Borrowing ice from a nearby ice cream stand, he created a beverage that would endure for the next hundred years which is now also available in Pakistan. Ice Tea came to notice of the Tapal management when it was found that it was already being sold at many leading stores throughout the major cities. Independent industry research shows that healthy beverages were increasing claiming a bigger share of the Pakistani market and were growing at a tremendous pace. Tapal started to respond to consumer demand and research by introducing these current flavors. 14th of June was a historic day at Tapal Tea (Pvt) Ltd. Pakistan’s own and favorite hot tea beverage company took its first step towards expansion with the introduction of its new product â€Å"Tapal Ice Tea†. The first consignment of Tapal Ice Tea was ceremoniously dispatched from the company’s warehouse on Thursday the 14th of June 2007. Present at this momentous occasion were amongst other people the CEO of the company, Mr. Aftab Tapal, the COO Mr. Muhammadi Miabhoy and the CMO Mr. Mahmood Nanji. The product along with support POS material was well received by the shop keepers of Karachi and displayed across the selected areas of the city. Tapal had been the leading brand here in Pakistan for many years, and this new product which is for now available at leading stores in Karachi and is sure to stir up some more excitement among the Chai freaked Pakistani’s which will make Tapal another step ahead of the leading brands in our country CHILL KARO PAKISTAN! The super market culture has changed consumer purchase habits and the youth today has ample choices in front of them, even when compared to 5 years ago. Increasingly they are becoming a huge market on their own. Tapal wants to increasingly cater to this market and it is doing so with the launch of Tapal Ice Tea. Tapal is known for its hot cup of quality blend of teas, but with Tapal ice tea, it has literally set a new precedent in our markets. Taken in an international context, Tapal Ice Tea is not a new product however it is a first of its kind in Pakistan. Who else but Tapal, the tea experts, could have served up so many ways to enjoy the convenience & benefits of tea? â€Å"Tapal has been making tea for over 60 years and now we’ve added a new area into our portfolio† said Aamir Habib, Brand Manager, and Tapal Ice Tea. â€Å"We know our product is about more than refreshment though. It’s about chilling out and sharing good times with family and friends. We believe that this product is one of the best ways to kick back and have fun this summer. † Tapal Ice Tea offers Pakistani youth an attitudinal choice that comes in the kind of flavors that they will like. Tapal ice tea is made for today's generation that loves to enjoy their life at its fullest and chill out. Instant refreshment is yours anytime with our beverage. Thirst-quenching and delicious, our Ice Tea is pure and satisfying. With this now you’ll be able to enjoy the great refreshing taste of Ice Tea from Tapal – the experts in tea. Made from real tea, Tapal Ice Tea combines the goodness of Tea Antioxidants with no preservatives, no artificial colors and only 16% sugar which is less than most regular soft drinks. TAPAL Lemon & Lime and Peach Ice Tea are a refreshing addition to the popular TAPAL product line of traditional teas. The ice tea contains vitamin C that gives it a refreshing tangy taste. Without doubt Tapal Ice Tea is the best drink that adds to the fun of activities that you're engaging in. Whether its music, shopping, party, workout and games, you can be sure of a chilling time. Tea drinkers will really enjoy the new products, and the flavored ice tea will certainly appeal to active adults who seek refreshment and healthy benefits in their beverage selection,† said Aamir Habib, Brand manager. â€Å"The tea used to make Tapal Ice Tea has antioxidant properties which are associated with good health. † The launch will be supported with a fully integrated marketing program that includes pri nt, radio and out-of-home advertising, point-of-purchase displays, Web/interactive communications especially the launch of Pakistan’s first branded portal www. hillkaro. com, public relations and consumer sampling programs. Tapal Ice Tea will be sold in supermarkets, convenience and other retail stores. What is Ice Tea? The simple pleasure that tea drinkers have enjoyed with Tapal for more than 60 years gets a chilled & flavorful update this month with the new Tapal Ice Tea Lemon & Lime and Peach flavor varieties hit the shelves this month. Tapal Ice Tea is a deliciously refreshing drink made with tea, blended with water and fruit flavors. Ice tea is a form of cold tea often served in a glass over ice. It may or may not be sweetened. The most common flavors worldwide include lemon, peach and lime. About Peach Flavor Ice Tea For the delicious taste of summer in a glass any time of the year, mix up some Tapal Ice Tea Peach. It’s the perfect blend of thirst quenching, refreshing beverage and the sweet taste of peaches. Made from real tea blends, Tapal Ice Tea Peach combines the goodness of Tea antioxidants with no preservatives, no artificial colors and only 16% sugar which is much less than most regular soft drinks. About Lemon & Lime Flavored Ice Tea Nothing beats a chilled, sweet, lemony glass of Tapal Ice Tea Lemon With just the right amount of ingredients; our mix is going to quench your thirst with a refreshing burst of Lemon and Lime. Made from real tea blends, Tapal Ice Tea Lemon combines the goodness of Tea antioxidants with no preservatives, no artificial colors and only 16% sugar which is much less than most regular soft drinks. Opt For The Healthy Drink – Ice Tea! We say Tapal Ice Tea Chill Karo because Tapal Ice Tea truly adds to the fun of your chilling out style. It offers a lot more than refreshment: Energizes you Its moderate caffeine content stimulates energy consumption, giving your body a gentle physical boost that helps you keep going on your workouts, sports or any sort of physical activity energetically. 2. 1 mg of caffeine per kg body weight that equals 147 mg for 70 kg person ingested prior to prolonged exercise delays fatigue. This amount is available in approximately 3 Tapal Ice Tea cans. Sharpens your wits A combination of caffeine and theanine in tea gives you a relaxed but fully alert state of mind and at the same time helps you to focus. Hydrates you Drinking 8 glasses of water a day is a minimum requirement for a healthy, active lifestyle. Maintaining a healthy body fluid balance can become a challenge during summers, especially when you move outdoors. Your need to intake fluids becomes even more recurrent. In such a hot weather, refreshing Tapal Ice Tea breaks are necessary time after time to replenish the fluid that you’ve lost all day to the hot weather in a delicious way and they’re a much better alternative than carbonated drinks. Doesn’t hurt your fitness Ta

The environmental crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The environmental crisis - Essay Example A careful examination of Jewish and Buddhist environmental sources and activism suggest that from the beginning, religion has been linked to environmental protection. Textual, ethical, legal, and philosophical sources Buddha’s life illustrates how much Buddha loved nature. To begin with, Buddha was born in Nepal a place of natural beauty. He was born in a forest further emphasizing the Buddhist appreciation of nature. Buddha preached his first Dhammacakkapabattansutta in the Deer park and passed away at Sala forest of Malla at Kushinara. This shows the initial attachments of Buddhists to nature. According to Donald K. Swearer, in Buddhism, "not unlike the biological sciences, rebirth links human and animal species,† meaning there is a link between humans and animals. The Buddhists believe in a certain interconnectedness in nature that, "The health of the whole is inseparably linked to the health of the parts, and the health of the parts is inseparably linked to the healt h of the whole† (Gottlieb 102). Similarly, some of the Buddha-nature found in china including trees, streams, rocks and lotuses are part of a continuous ecosystem. The power of nature in the Buddha religion forms the real basis of the religion. First, because the Buddha spent six years in the forest meditating and Buddhist followers often retreat to nature hence they have a powerful ethical foundation to support a healthy eco system and â€Å"green† lifestyle. In one of the Buddhist sources, the relationship between a tree and a human being is described as follows, â€Å"the tree indeed is the bearer of the flower and the fruit†¦ the tree gives the shade to all people who come near†¦ the tree does not give shade differently. (Milindapanha, VI, 409 – â€Å"rukkho nama pupphaphaladharo†¦rukkho upagatanamanuppavitthanam jananam chayam deti†¦, rukkho chayavemattam na karoti†). These characteristics show that the relationship between human beings and nature should be mutual. These Buddhist sources reinforce tucker’s claim of religion entering an ecological phase because aspects of environmental protection are well- grounded into the religious beliefs and practices of the Buddhists (Tucker 93). Various Jewish sources also front religion and its impact on environment. According to defenders of Jewish environmental ethics, there are three main areas of environmental usefulness in the bible and other rabbinic literature. These include the protection of vegetation, the aspect of predicting the well-being of the earth and awareness of the distress of animals. Jewish tradition forbids inflicting unnecessary pain to animals and the Torah includes a vegetarian diet for Adam and Eve. Respecting the environment is part of the Jewish religion. Jewish commentator, Jonathan Helfand writes that God told man to subdue the earth but the spirit of Judaism negates the notion that the earth is entirely man’s dominion. He co ntinues that as part of the divine plan man is obligated to respect both the animate and inanimate occupants of the world (Benstein 46). The Jewish hold that the environment has certain inalienable rights endowed to it by the creator that can be dismissed or violated. Jewish writer Jeremy Cohen states that a responsible interaction with the environment is the deepest personal and spiritual fulfillment. He adds that environmental irresponsibility results in spiritual demise. Rabbinic ethos encourages human beings to be

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Macroecenomics - Assignment Example The graph below shows some variations in the level of exports and imports made by the UK for the period of 1993 to 1998. The same trade and production pattern is observed when it comes to France, though both import and export levels for France are lower as compared to the UK. The major products exported by France are planes, helicopters, and spacecraft and vehicle parts. The major products imported by France are rude petroleum, refined petroleum and packed medicaments. The graph below shows the variations in the levels of imports and exports produced by France between the periods of 1985 to 2005. The same case of an increase in both level of exports and imports have been experienced in USA since 1973. This is due to the general increase in the level of demand as well as the GDP, increase in the level of imports so as to sustain the industrial growth and demand. Some of the major products exported by the Unites States are cars, refined petroleum and gas turbines while imports include cars, computers and broadcasting equipments. The graph below shows the variations of the sea foods imports and exports produced by the United States between the periods of 1997 and 2007. Between the periods of the year 1975 to 2013, the United States of America have an average GDP of $ 6145.56 billion. Since then it has had an average exports products of $1769.76 billion and imports products of $117.6 billion. We have observed a lower degree in the openness of the USA with respect to the United Kingdom and France since it some peculiar commercial policies. Unlike in the UK and France, the total amount US’s GDP is contributed less by its imports and exports. This lowers its market degree of openness as compared to the others. The inflation rate between 2013 and 2014 will be given by the slope of my graph, it will be given by: (2.4-2.2)/ (3.5-3.6)=0.2/-0.1=-0.2, meaning that in this

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What's economics - Essay Example Hall and Lieberman (3) state that there is a fundamental problem with human beings in this world and that lies in the fact that we have unlimited wants although our means to achieve these wants are limited. For example, in life, there are many things that we will want to achieve. However, because we have few resources available to achieve those wants, we have to make good choices that will enable us to get the best possible situation in life. Economics is therefore a subject that studies how to make the best choices. Whenever a choice is made, the alternative satisfaction forgone is known as the opportunity cost (Hall & Lieberman 3). This means that economics helps us to make the wisest choice and get the best satisfaction in personal terms as well as relative terms (in relation to the opportunity cost). There are two levels within which economics is studied: macroeconomics and micro economics. Macroeconomics is concerned with the whole economy or large segments of it (Jain & Ohri 3). It is concerned with the rate of inflation, national unemployment and other things of national concerns. There is another branch of economics that studies the behavior of individuals, households, firms and governments (Hall & Lieberman 8). This branch of economics studies the choices that these units of a nation make and the interactions of these units. This branch is called microeconomics. Microeconomics is concerned with the interaction of the forces of demand and supply by individuals, households, firms and governments. It seeks to identify the effects of rational decisions in terms of choice in these units of a nations economy. Microeconomics ends up in the formulation of theories about the most rational members of these sub units are likely to take. Personally, I hope to learn more and become a rational individual and also grow up to take rational decisions everywhere I will find myself. I expect to learn the main theories and concepts of microeconomics so that I

Testing the use of the checklist in the operation room Essay

Testing the use of the checklist in the operation room - Essay Example This study evaluated the use of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist, that impact of operating room briefings on coordination of care. Data were prospectively collected in the cesarean section OR with C’ section patients and the outcome of eleven cases of patients undergoing this operation was gathered and analyzed after direct observation of the OR checklist was applied . Findings suggested that in the general operation room, the checklist was used. In contrast, in the operation room of the labor department,the checklist tool was not used . To increase the probability of achieving patient safety and minimal errors when implementing the use of checklist tool, such as World Health Organization’s Surgical Safety Checklist, the integration between OR members of the different professions and teamwork must be enhanced. Key words: checklist, WHO surgical safety checklist. . Introduction and statement of the problem The nursing leadership needed to evaluate the possibility of edu cating all the healthcare professionals on the use of a safety checklist and to gain an increased awareness of the challenges and solutions connect with such an effort. The obstetric patient safety CNS at Johns Hopkins Hospital wanted to study the reasons why the OR checklist was not being used. ... It also helps to improve communication and guarantee safe and standardized procedure, by this means minimizing error. Overcoming barrier to implementation of the checklist in the OR was growing. Lack of using the checklist therefore led to the increase of the above mentioned defects. The organization started testing the checklist over a year ago and they provided information for all caregivers teams regarding their attitudes toward the use of a surgical checklist. Still not all team members related that they were aware of the checklist and its purpose and they were not using the resource. The use of the checklist did not become part of the culture of the unit. Some team members were / and are resistant to checklists. Support for use of apre-operative checklist to increase patient safety has been described. In a study by Nilsson, Lindbergt, Gupta &Vegfros (2010), staff awareness of the benefit of the use of a checklist and attitudes towards the use of a checklist improved after one ye ar. Assessment Organizational need According to JHU nursing leadership, there was a need for all OB and OR team members know each other as the research supported that this would make people more willing to speak up if they perceived a certain problem during the case. The team members also needed to have a shared mental model regarding the scope of the case and the plan of care for the patient after the case. It was viewed that most nurses did not make good use of the checklist. The use of the checklist also goes a long way in helping the nurses remember to cover all the basics. This is because not everyone has the ability to memorize all that is required. The operating rooms are highly procedural environments that require surgical teams to be very meticulous (Hayes, 2012). Clinical