International Political Economy Essays

International Political Economy Essays International Political Economy Essay International Political Economy Essay The first chapter of the text deals with the fundamental nature of international political economy (IPE) and some analytical issues related to its multidimensional character. Chapters 2 through 4 are the core chapters of the text that explore the history and policies associated with the three dominant IPE perspectives, namely economic liberalism, mercantilism, and structuralism. These theoretical tools are useful in understanding many political, economic, and social issues in the global economy of the past as well as the present.Chapter 5 develops two alternative IPE perspectives- constructivism and feminism- that derive, in part, from the three main outlooks under study. ChaPter 1 What Is International Political Economy? We Are the 99%: A Haitian hillside. Georgina Allen When a philosopher has once laid hold of a favorite principle, which perhaps accounts for many natural effects, he extends the same principle over the whole creation, and reduces to it every phenomenon, though by the most violent and absurd reasoning. Our own mind being narrow and contracted, we cannot extend our conception to the variety and extent of nature . . .David Hume, The Sceptic 2 The Darkness on the Edge of Town 3 the Darkness on the eDge of town What are the chances you will find a good paying jobs Doug Irwin, Martin Wolf Hong Kong, U. S. , Great Britain Walden Bello, Benjamin Barber Former East Germany, China before 1982 Amartya Sen Sweden 12 C h a Pte r 1 What Is International Political Economy? stablish a comprehensive theory with easily testable propositions about cause and effect. The world is a messy laboratory. Social science has always reflected this in explanation s of human behavior. IPE today represents an effort to return to the kind of analysis done by political theorists and philosophers before the study of human social behavior became fragmented into the discrete fields of social science. Both Adam Smith and Karl Marx, for example, considered themselves to be political-economists in the broadest sense of the term.One of our goals is to point out ways in which by mixing the elements of different disciplines we are better able to explain the global political economy. One of the ways of doing this is to think of the antecedent disciplines of IPE as varieties of plants. Just as new plant varieties are produced by splicing parts of them together, since the early 1970s the mixing of disciplinary approaches has gradually helped an appreciation of the traditional idea of international political economy re-emerge, resulting in a productive and powerful hybrid field of study called IPE.So what does the new mixture look like? To help answer this q uestion, Susan Strange suggests that we focus on a number of common analytical and conceptual issues that cut across disciplinary boundaries. For her, the starting point for studying the connections and relationships between states, markets, and society is to focus on the question of cui bono? Who benefits from complex interactions in the international political economy? 5 One good example is Pietra Rivoli’s book The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy that examines a commodity chain. 6 Rivoli traces a T-shirt from the time the cotton in it is grown in West Texas, to textile manufacturing in China, to sales in the United States, and then on to Africa, where many donated T-shirts end up being sold in local markets. Her work examines the process by which a T-shirt is made, transported, marketed, and then resold. She raises many questions about politics (the power of special interest groups to a

Covalent or Molecular Compound Properties

Covalent or Molecular Compound Properties Covalent or  molecular compounds  contain atoms held together by covalent bonds. These bonds form when the atoms share electrons because they have similar electronegativity values. Covalent compounds are a diverse group of molecules, so there are several exceptions to each rule. When looking at a compound and trying to determine whether it is an ionic compound or a covalent compound, its best to examine several properties of the sample.  These are properties of covalent compounds. Properties of Covalent Compounds Most covalent compounds have relatively low melting points and boiling points.While the ions in an ionic compound are strongly attracted to each other, covalent bonds create molecules that can separate from each other when a lower amount of energy is added to them. Therefore, molecular compounds usually have low melting and boiling points.Covalent compounds usually have lower enthalpies of fusion and vaporization than ionic compounds.The enthalpy of fusion is the amount of energy needed, at constant pressure, to melt one mole of a solid substance. The enthalpy of vaporization is the amount of energy, at constant pressure, required to vaporize one mole of a liquid. On average, it takes only 1% to 10% as much heat to change the phase of a molecular compound as it does for an ionic compound.Covalent compounds tend to be soft and relatively flexible.This is largely because covalent bonds are relatively flexible and easy to break. The covalent bonds in molecular compounds cause these comp ounds to take form as gasses, liquids,  and soft solids. As with many properties, there are exceptions, primarily when molecular compounds assume crystalline forms. Covalent compounds tend to be more flammable than ionic compounds.Many flammable substances contain hydrogen and carbon atoms which can undergo combustion, a reaction that releases energy when the compound reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Carbon and hydrogen have comparable electronegativies so they are found together in many molecular compounds.When dissolved in water, covalent compounds dont conduct electricity.Ions are needed to conduct electricity in an aqueous solution. Molecular compounds dissolve into molecules rather than dissociate into ions, so they typically do not conduct electricity very well when dissolved in water.Many covalent compounds dont dissolve well in water.There are many exceptions to this rule, just as there are many salts (ionic compounds) that dont dissolve well in water. However, many covalent compounds are polar molecules that do dissolve well in a polar solvent, such as water. Examples of molecular compounds that dissolve well in w ater are sugar and ethanol. Examples of molecular compounds that dont dissolve well in water are oil and polymerized plastic. Note that network solids are compounds containing covalent bonds that violate some of these rules. Diamond, for example, consists of carbon atoms held together by covalent bonds in a crystalline structure. Network solids typically are transparent, hard, good insulators and have high melting points. Learn More Do you need to know more? Learn the  difference between an ionic and covalent bond,  get  examples of covalent compounds, and understand how to predict formulas of compounds containing polyatomic ions.

Shouldice Hopsital Limited Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Shouldice Hopsital Limited - Research Paper Example The bed capacity later increased from 36 to 89. Dr. Shouldice died in 1965, and the facility was taken over by Dr. Nicholas Obney. Dr. Obney became the chairman and the surgeon-in-chief of the institution. Under the leadership of Dr. Obney the hospital started to operate both hospital facilities and clinical facilities. The hospital generally follows the business model of focus on a single standardized service (James & Mona, 2006). This enables the hospital to have a narrow target of clients. Quick, convenient, and reliable cure for external types of abdominal hernias is the main operation line for the hospital. The institution uses its own technique of enabling a relatively short period of recovering after undergoing an operation (James & Mona, 2006). This technique is called the Shouldice method. The basis of this technique was the incorporation of operative and posts operative processes, for instance, using local anesthetics, the nature of the operation process, the design of a fa cility to enable comfortable movement, and design and communication of the regimen by the medical staff. This communication enabled early ambulation. This whole process has cut down number of days a patient would stay in hospital. To the patients this was the most affordable option (James & Mona, 2006). ... More than 300,000 patients have been operated by the surgeons at the hospital. The success rate of operation at the hospital has been more than 99%. Operations of primary inguinal indirect hernia by the surgeons at the hospital are almost 100% (Heskett, 1987). Experience of the Doctors The hospital boosts of twelve surgeons who work on a full time basis. There are eight assistant surgeons working on a part time basis. The operations are carried in teams (Heskett, 2009). Each operation team comprises of four members. These are a senior surgeon, an assistant surgeon, a scrub nurse, and a circulating nurse. Experience of the nurses According to Heskett (2009), total of thirty four nurses are usually on duty at the hospital in a period of 24 hours. The number of nurses available in the facilities during the periods when no operation is in progress is six. These usually carry out counseling to the patients. Work distribution The number of operations carried out in a single day ranges betw een thirty patients to thirty-six patients (Heskett, 2009). The number of patients that a surgeon can operate in a day is three or four at most. A surgeon on day shift ends his or her day at 4 p.m. Hospital facilities The institution operates two facilities namely hospital and clinic in one building. The compound at the institution is divided into three levels. Level one comprises of the kitchen facilities and the dining room. The second level is composed of lounge area, an office for admission, and rooms for patients. The third level in the compound consists of additional rooms for patients and recreational areas (Heskett, 1987). How the hospital operates. The facility deals with two kinds of patients. These are local patients and patients coming from

Present, Review and Analize anOrganization Research Paper

Present, Review and Analize anOrganization - Research Paper Example GMC became a part of General Motors incorporated in 2009. GMC has incorporated strong operational and financial policies after a short period of losses and has reverted back to high profits in 2010 after a strong audit over its financial and accounting policies. 1) Identify the core functions of each department, their strengths and weaknesses, and make recommendations for improvement, as appropriate. GMC is world’s largest automobile manufacturing company based in the US. It provides employment opportunity to more than 200,00 people. They manufacture cars and trucks under many brand names. Marketing is an important activity for all firms. Regarding the marketing department of GMC, they have their presence all over the world. Besides, they are one of the leading brands in automobile industry and this is an opportunity for them. They have goodwill and reputation among customers. Though the competition in this field is stiff, they are in a position to tap their good will and repu tation to exploit the opportunity and can convert to sales. They also have some threats because they are facing a severe competition from Hyundai, Honda, and Toyota etc. As a marketing strategy they are still using celebrity. However, it appears that using social advertisements media and internet marketing will be helpful to cover a wider segment of audience. Their Sales Department focuses on expanding their sales and wants to maintain existing volume. GMC has registered good sales figures at this time and this is a good opportunity for them to expand the market. Globalization and the subsequent economic in many countries have boosted vehicle market all over the world and GMC has potential to cash in on this opportunity. â€Å"General Motors dealers in the United States reported 214,915 total sales in July, an 8-percent gain compared to July 2010† (Sales & Production: GM U.S. Sales Increase 8 Percent in July on Cruze, Crossover Demand, 2011, para. 1). While considering the pr oduction department, they have plants in all major regions, which offers them the opportunity to capture the market easily and can reduce production cost. This is also strength for them because they will be able to easily remain in touch with customers. The accounts department of GMC controls all financial activities and for the last few years they were under the grip of financial difficulties. This had led to bankruptcy, which was a weakness for the department. However, but soon they recovered now their liquidity position in the present is good. It also needs to be appreciated that their debts have reduced considerably, which can be a major strength for future growth. 2) Identify and describe the underlying problem or conflict. During the year 2009, GMC has faced severe allegations of bankruptcy due to which they did not reveal their exact figures in the balance sheet. â€Å"The bankruptcy system is based on the theory that a debtor will make full disclosure of all assets and liab ilities so that the final disposition is in accordance with the requirements of the law† (Brown et al., 1999, p. 1). The management has tried to convince people that business is running on profit but in fact they have sustained heavy loss. Therefore, they concealed the statement of accounts and produced wrong information. The bank account of GMC was shrinking by $ 1 billion every year and this also showed that their financial

Voltammetric Methods for Trace Analysis of Chromium Essay Example for Free

Voltammetric Methods for Trace Analysis of Chromium Essay Voltammetric methods of analysis, which have been used since the invention of polarography in 1922, witnessed a serious decline in use and was even threatened with extinction with the development of Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) in the mid-1960s (Bond, 1980, pp. 2-3). The remarkable detection limits of AAS, coupled with its ability to determine almost all the metallic elements, was beyond the reach of classical polarography, which had come to be regarded as a very unattractive technique due to its clumsy instrumentation. However, there has been a resurgence of interest in the electroanalytical techniques during the past years, mainly as a result of the appearance of vastly improved, commercially available instrumentation which has taken full advantage of the electronic revolution. In parallel with the instrumental developments, there have also been accompanying advances in the theoretical aspects of electroanalytical techniques with the development of, for example, ax, pulse and stripping techniques. As a consequence, voltammetry is now established as an extremely versatile, sensitive, rapid and inexpensive analytical technique which has found applications in most areas of analytical chemistry. The fundamental principles of polarography are described by Bond (1980), though he recounts developments in polarographic techniques that have led to the renaissance and widespread adoption of voltammetry. Over the last 15-20 years, there has been a revolution in the existing data regarding the distributions and chemical behavior of trace elements in natural waters. This revolution has been brought about by the realisation that any analytical methodology has to account for the risks of contamination as well as analyte losses involved during the sampling and sample handling steps. Thus clean techniques have been developed and adopted for the collection, preservation, storage and analysis of water samples for trace analysis. This, coupled with the advent of extremely sensitive techniques, has resulted in concentrations of trace elements in seawater being shown to be factors of 10 to 1000 times lower than those previously accepted (Donat, et al. , 1995, p. 247). This in turn has led to a demand for more accurate data to be generated at lower concentrations. The focus of this paper is to discuss voltammetric methods for the analysis of one of the biogeochemically important trace metals in natural water: chromium. Voltammetric Methods AAS (especially Electrothermal AAS) techniques are generally regarded as the ultimate methods of detection for ultra-trace analysis because of the detection limits attainable by these techniques. However, in the form of Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV), voltammetry offers a technique that, in specific cases, can rival these techniques with respect to detection limits, reproducibility and ease of operation. The extreme sensitivity of ASV is due to the analyte preconcentration step inherent to the technique, whereas the spectrometric techniques rely on a prior analyte preconcentration step. Another advantage that ASV offers is that it can speciate the analyte species on the basis of their lability in the natural medium (Florence, 1986) The high sensitivity of ASV allows for the determination of metal speciation in natural waters without the necessity of external pre-concentration. ASV involves two steps: deposition step, which is an internal pre-concentration, during which a negative potential is applied at the mercury drop (i. e. the working electrode) and the metal ion is reduced to the metal which dissolves in the mercury drop forming an amalgam, followed by the stripping step, during which a positive-going potential scan causes re-oxidation of the metal in the amalgam. Thus, the amalgamated metals are stripped out of the mercury electrode and give rise to anodic peak currents, whose heights are proportional to the ASV-labile (i. e. ASV-measurable) metal species (Willard et al. , 1988, p. 719). The applicability of ASV is contingent on the metal to be determined being soluble in mercury to form an amalgam. This requirement severely limits its widespread application in environmental analysis and ASV has remained more or less confined to the determination of Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn. In this respect, the applicability of ASV is very restrictive, in contrast to the capability of AAS or ICP techniques, which are readily applicable for the determination of most of the elements in the Periodic Table (Willard et al. , 1988). In parallel with ASV, Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry (CSV) techniques have also been used for trace element analysis. Until relatively recently, this technique was viewed as the mirror image of ASV (Wang, 1985). In classical CSV, the analyte species is electrolytically preconcentrated as an insoluble Hg species on the electrode by the imposition of a relatively positive, constant potential during the deposition stage. The applied potential results in the formation of Hg22+ ions on the electrode surface. Analyte species capable of forming insoluble Hg compounds react with the Hg22+ to form an insoluble film on the surface of the electrode. During the stripping stage, a negative potential scan is applied on the electrode, resulting in the reduction of this insoluble compound to Hg0 and the original analyte ion. The faradaic current resulting from this reduction forms the analytical signal. In this preconcentration mode, CSV is applicable to the analysis of mainly anionic species and has been used for the analysis of halides, cyanide, sulphide and a variety of organic compounds (Wang, 1985). The applicability of CSV has now been extended to the determination of metallic species following considerable research into a new, non-electrolytic method of preconcentration during the last decade. This preconcentration method is based on the observation that many organic compounds exhibit surface active properties that are manifested by their adsorption from solution onto the surface of a solid phase. Adsorption has been regarded as an undesirable adverse effect in polarography for a long time but enhancements in polarographic waves had been observed and attributed to adsorption since the early days of polarography (Bond, 1980). Pihlar et al. (1981) were the first to exploit adsorption of the dimethylglyoxime complex of Ni on the Hg electrode for the preconcentration of Ni before its stripping. Since then, procedures for the determination of a large number of trace elements have been developed and applied to environmental samples. Wang (1989) provides excellent review on the development, potentials and applications of CSV, which contains a detailed treatment of the fundamental principles of CSV, the mechanisms of complex adsorption and of the stripping step. The principle behind the new method is very simple: under optimized solution conditions, the analyte (generally metal ions) reacts with an added ligand to form a complex which is adsorbed on the surface electrode during the preconcentration stage. This complex is then reduced during the stripping stage, which consists of the application of a negative potential scan on the electrode. During the stripping stage, the reduction process producing the peak current may be due to the reduction of the metal ion, the reduction of the ligand or the simultaneous reduction of both the ligand and the metal ion. The selectivity of the method is determined by the judicious choice of the complex-forming ligand and, since the reaction between the ligand and the analyte is usually dependent on the oxidation state of the analyte species, speciation analysis is generally achieved (Wang, 1985). A comprehensive review of ligands used in, and metals determinable by CSV is given by (Paneli, 1993). It can be conceived that with the choice of a proper ligand, any metallic species should be amenable to CSV determination, opening up the whole Periodic Table to this extremely sensitive, selective and inexpensive analytical technique. The reduction of the ligand can be used for the determination of metals which are reduced at very negative potentials. It is no wonder therefore that so much activity has been channeled towards the search for new ligands for CSV of trace metals in environmental samples. Almost two decades after the technique was first used for the determination of nickel, there is some continuing debate as to the name of the technique. Since the adsorption phenomenon is utilized for preconcentration of the analyte species, the technique has also been referred to as Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry, (AdSV), as well as Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry (AdCSV), whereas many workers simply refer to it as CSV based on the direction of the current flow during the reduction. Following a discussion on the pros and cons of the different names used for the technique, Fogg (1994) reached the conclusion that the term cathodic stripping voltammetry with adsorptive accumulation would be more informative. However, he acknowledged that the term cathodic stripping will continue to be used. In contrast to the analytical methods, electrochemical methods for trace metal analysis are very fast and require relatively simple and inexpensive instrumentation. If the complexing ligand is chosen such that the reaction occurs selectively between the ligand and the analyte in a given oxidation state, speciation is achievable without lengthy separation steps and the preconcentration inherent to the technique precludes the need for a potentially contaminating preconcentration step (Wang, 1985). The whole analytical procedure can generally be carried out within the confines of a clean bench, which is a major asset in trace analysis. The fact that the material adsorbed on the mercury electrode is readily accessible for instantaneous reduction during the stripping stage leads to the flow of a large current, which is the analytical signal. Hence high sensitivities, i. e. , extremely low detection limits, can be achieved. In CSV, detection limits in the sub-Â µg/L level are routinely achieved using preconcentration times of 1-3 min (Wang, 1985). All these assets make CSV potentially the most appropriate technique for environmental, and, specifically, natural water analysis. Voltammetric Analytical Methods for Chromium Chromium occurs principally in nature as the extremely stable mineral chromite, FeO. Cr2O3. In most soils and bedrocks, it is similarly immobilized in the trivalent state; however, the environmental concentrations of chromium are significantly in excess of the natural mobilization of the element by weathering processes. This is because chromium and its compounds have widespread industrial applications, resulting in large quantities of the element being discharged in the environment (Bowen, 1979). The chromium concentrations encountered in natural waters are very low; concentrations vary from 0. 1 to 0. 3 Â µg/L in seawater and from 0.3 to 6 Â µg/L in unpolluted surface waters (Bowen, 1979). The study of the chemical speciation of chromium in natural waters has been a topic of great interest for 40 years. The speciation studies have almost exclusively focused on the distribution of chromium between Cr(III) and Cr(VI) (Fukai, 1967, p. 901). Polarographic methods for the analysis of chromium have long been established but the detection limits do not permit their application to natural waters. However, it was during the polarographic study of Cr in supporting medium containing EDTA and nitrate ions that an important observation was made by Tanaka and Ito (1966). These authors found that the Cr polarographic waves were unusually high in this medium and attributed it to the catalytic re-oxidation of an intermediate Cr(II)-EDTA complex by nitrate ions. Golimowski et al. (1985) were the first to recognize the role of adsorption in the polarographic determination of Cr in the presence of DTPA as supporting electrolyte. They showed that the Cr-DTPA is adsorbed on Hg whereas Cr-EDTA is not, hence the notion that DTPA is more suitable than EDTA for the polarographic determination of Cr. Golimowski et al. (1985) exploited the adsorption of the Cr-DTPA complex for the preconcentration of the analyte at a Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode and thus published the first CSV method for chromium. DTPA was used as the complexing ligand and the catalytic effect of nitrate ions was used for enhancement of the reduction currents. In what would be the first application of a voltammetric technique for the determination of chromium at levels prevalent in natural waters, they reported a detection limit of 20 Â µg/L for a 2-min deposition time. The superiority of this analytical method vis-a-vis the non-electrochemical methods was unquestionable. The CSV method provided not only the required detection limit, but it did so without the need for any separate sample pretreatment steps (Golimowski et al. , 1985). However, Golimowski et al. (1985) failed to consider that the sensitivity of Cr(III) was less than that of Cr(VI), although this observation had already been made by Zarebski in 1977. These authors also failed to observe that the response of Cr(III) was transient (see below). According to Golimowski et al. (1985) therefore, the method was applicable for the determination of total chromium and they claimed success in its application for the determination of chromium in river, lake, sea and rain water. Given the view of Golimowski et al. (1985) regarding the applicability of the DTPA method for the determination to Cr(III), Torrance and Gatford (1987) made a very thorough study of the CSV of the Cr-DTPA complex and confirmed that the responses of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were indeed different. They found that the Cr(VI):Cr(III) response ratio was 14:1 at 0. 1 Â µg/L and 1. 2:1 at 1 Â µg/L of Cr respectively. These authors also found that with both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) there was a kinetic effect that produced a decrease in peak current with time; this decrease was more severe for Cr(III), with a decrease of 15% in the first 5 min after the addition of DTPA. Therefore it was concluded that Cr(III) and Cr(VI) cannot be determined in a solution unless all Cr(III) is oxidized to Cr(VI). They achieved this by heating the sample solutions with bromine water and attained detection limits of 0. 023 Â µg/L Cr as Cr(VI) (Torrance and Gatford, 1987). Scholz et al. (1990) also confirmed that the DTPA method works reliably only for Cr(VI) and proposed that, for the speciation of chromium, total chromium be determined as Cr(VI) after prior conversion of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) by uv-irradiation. Cr(VI) only was determined after a prior step in which the Cr(III) was removed from solution by coprecipitation with AI(OH)3. Cr(III) could then be obtained by difference. The use of DTPA as the complexing ligand in the determination of chromium was further studied by Boussemart et al. (1992), who devised and optimized a method for the speciation of chromium in natural water. These authors observed that the sensitivity for Cr(III) was about 70% of the Cr(VI) sensitivity. They also found that the response for Cr(III) was transient, disappearing completely in about 30 min. They therefore devised a method whereby the CSV peak current was recorded under optimized conditions immediately after the addition of DTPA to the voltammetric cell. The peak current at this time would be equivalent to the response due to Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Then, after 30 min (when the Cr(III) was believed not to be responding), they carried out a determination of Cr(VI) by a Cr(VI) standards addition. The concentration of Cr(III) was estimated from the initial response of Cr(III) plus Cr(VI). Thus, they reported a detection limit of 0. 1 nM (ca. 5 ng/L) for a 2-min deposition time. Although they used this method for the speciation of Cr in natural water, it is deficient in that the Cr(III) can only be estimated (Boussemart et al. , 1992). Apparently, these authors failed to consider the findings of Torrance and Gatford (1987) regarding the differing ratios of Cr(VI):Cr(III) responses at different concentrations as well as the rapidly decreasing response of Cr(III). The rate of decrease of the Cr(III) response is such that by the time the solution is purged and the first voltammetric run completed, there already is a substantial loss in signal. If, as is normal practice, voltammetric runs are carried out in triplicate and, as proposed, a deposition time of 2 min is chosen, it would be impossible to quantify the initial response due to the Cr(III). However, this method is very useful because it enables total Cr(VI) to be determined without any sample pretreatment step. Probably having realized the deficiencies of the above method, Boussemart and van den Berg (1994) later published another method for the determination of Cr(III) in natural water. In this case, the Cr(III) was preconcentrated by adsorption on silica. The adsorbed Cr(III) was later released by converting it to Cr(VI) by uv-irradiation and this Cr(VI) was determined by CSV, with DTPA as the complexing ligand. Conclusion From the discussion above it can be seen that analytical methods with the required sensitivity for the speciation determination of chromium in natural water can be based on electrochemical techniques with better attainable detection. Additionally, the electrochemical techniques generally involve less sample pretreatment and are faster and cheaper to perform. For these reasons, electroanalytical methods are preferable for the determination of chromium. Of the stripping techniques discussed, the method based on DTP A seems best suited to the determination of Cr(VI) in natural water, because Cr(III) does not respond. However, the difficulty faced in determining Cr(III) is a major drawback. Considering the methods described above, the complete speciation of chromium would need the complete oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) or the physical separation of the Cr(III) species as done in the methods by Boussemart and van den Berg (1994), or Scholz et al. (1990). These pretreatment steps are lengthy and are potentially likely to introduce analyte losses as well as contamination in the analytical method. The incorporation of sample pretreatment steps seems to be contrary to the spirit of electroanalytical techniques where excellent sensitivity coupled with simplicity and minimal sample handling is lauded as the great asset of the technique. The complete speciation of chromium could in principle be achieved without any need for sample pretreatment by the use of two different complexing ligands, for example, DTPA for Cr(VI) only and then cupferron or 2,2-bipyridine for total chromium (Cr(III) plus Cr(VI)). The difference between total chromium and Cr(VI) would then be equivalent to Cr(III). However, adoption of such a speciation scheme has apparently not yet been investigated, probably because it would entail undesirable additional time and costs (costs and purification of additional chemicals etc. ) in the overall process. References Bond, A. M. (1980). Modern Polarographic Methods in Analytical Chemistry. New York: Marcel Dekker. Boussemart, M. , van den Berg, C. M. G. , Ghaddaf, M. (1992). The determination of the chromium speciation in sea water using catalytic cathodic stripping voltammetry. Anal. Chim. Acta, 262, 103–115. Boussemart, M., van den Berg, C. (1994). Preconcentration of chromium (III) from seawater by adsorption on silica. and voltammetric determination. Analyst, 119, 1349-1353. Bowen, H. J. M. (1979). Environmental Chemistry of the Elements. Academic Press. Donat, J. R. , Bruland, K. W. (1995). Trace Elements in the Oceans, in Salbu, B. and Steinnes, E. (Eds. ), Trace Elements in Natural Waters. CRC Press. Fogg, A. G. (1994). Adsorptive stripping voltammetry or cathodic stripping voltammetry? Methods of accumulation and determination in stripping voltammetry. Anal. Proc. , 31, 313-317.

Free Macbeth Essays: Sleep and Sleeplessness -- Macbeth essays

The Sleep and Sleeplessness Motif in Macbeth We have consciences that function to tell us the difference between right and wrong. If we have clear consciences, we usually possess the ability to sleep. But when our consciences are full of guilt, we experience a state of sleeplessness. In Macbeth, Shakespeare uses the sleep and sleeplessness motif to represent Macbeth's and Lady Macbeth's consciences and the effect Macbeth's conscience has on the country of Scotland. Lady Macbeth begins with an unrecognizable conscience. She explains to Macbeth that if she said she would kill her own child, she would rather do the deed than break her word to do so. As the play continues, however, Lady Macbeth begins to develop a conscience. After placing the daggers for Duncan's murder, she makes an excuse for not killing Duncan herself: "Had he not resembled / My father as he slept, I had done't" (2.2.12-13). These words introduce her conscience. Towards the end of the play, Lady Macbeth falls into a sleepless state, and this sleeplessness represents her guilt for her role in Duncan's death,...

How are people presented in Vultures Essay

Both â€Å"Vultures† and â€Å"Two Scavengers in a truck, two beautiful people in a Mercedes† are presented using people. They both represent people in some way and both include the people in different forms. The poem â€Å"Vultures† presents the people using the vultures. These vultures represent people of a certain kind. In real life vultures are real birds of prey, but in the poem they are trying to represent the types of people. The poem, â€Å"Two Scavengers in a truck, two beautiful people in a Mercedes†, people are presented through the division in society. Vultures are shown that humans aren’t so different to animals; it is shown that both animals and humans are shown through their actions. It is shown that vultures are bad in real life because of what they do, but behind all the disgusting habits there is care shown. They appear to have care for each other and therefore this shows us that even though people do bad things, they still have some good factors about them. Both animals and humans are shown through their actions and imagery to show that they are caring even though they have evil within them. For example, it starts off with how the two vultures are picking the eyes of a swollen corpse and how they eat the contents of the bowel. This shows that they are grotesque and very evil. But straight after this, the vultures are shown to be nestling together affectionately and lovingly. In spite of the nasty diet, the vultures appear to care for each other. From this the author goes on to show that even the worst of human beings shoe some touches of humanity. Then he compares the vultures to a commander n Belson. He goes on to consider the ‘love’ a concentration camp commander shows to his family – having spent his day burning human corpses, he buys them sweets on the way home The poet remarks on the strangeness of love, existing in places people would not have thought possible. This is the same way that the vultures are presented which links it in comparison to people; the vultures are compared with the Nazi Commandant who preyed greedily and ruthlessly on people who were supposedly weaker than him, but could still show compassion towards people that he loved, such as his family. This is the same way that the vultures are presented which links it in comparison to people and the vultures are compared with the Nazi Commandant who preyed greedily on people who were supposed to be weaker than him, but could still show compassion towards people that he loved, such as his family. In â€Å"Two Scavengers in a truck, two beautiful people in a Mercedes†, people are presented from two different sides of the society. It shows two garbage men and contrasts them with an elegant, rich couple in a Mercedes. It’s about two pairs of people meeting for a moment in a busy city at nine o’clock in the morning. They are strangers and never speak to each other. They are only near each other because they are waiting for the traffic lights to change. The first pair of people are two dustmen. They are finishing their working day and going back to the depot. They are hanging off the back of the dustbin lorry and looking down at a couple in a Mercedes sports car. These people in the Mercedes seem the very opposite of the dustbin men. They are starting their day and seem rich, successful and fashionable. The poem makes lots of contrasts between the two pair and it seems to criticise the society which makes the differences between people so large. When the poet’s describing the dustbin men, it is often negative, dirty and cheap. For instance, their jackets are plastic, they are grungy, and he calls them ‘scavengers’. We usually think of scavengers as animals that live off whatever others leave behind, like vultures. And in a way that’s what they are – they are paid to take away what others don’t want, but they do an important job and we couldn’t live without them. The poet describes the couple in the Mercedes in a very positive way. He wears a suit and her hair is nicely done, and their car shows just how rich they must be, but at the same time the poet also seems to criticise this couple. He says it’s like watching an ‘odourless TV’ advert, so they don’t look like real people and they sound too good to be true. The poet then shows us how two of the men are similar. They are the same age, wear sunglasses and have long hair. And of course they live in the same city – they should be equal. This idea is made very clear at the end. The four people are next to each other, but there is a ‘gulf’ between them – they are living in different worlds. The language in ‘Vultures’ is very negative towards the people, and also has a strong influence on how the people are presented. There are a lot of pessimistic adjectives used to describe the opening lines of the poem, and also to present the vultures throughout the poem. For example in the first couple of lines in the poem ‘greyness’ is used, which create the idea that it is a dull scene, but the contrast with the words ‘sunbreak’ give a more positive effect. The poem uses a similar technique to present the vultures, for every positive point about them; there is a different negative point presented. The metaphor, ‘bashed in head, a pebble on a stem rooted in a dump of gross feathers’ creates a negative image of the vultures. Various words are use to create disgusting images of the birds. It says ‘they picked the eyes of a swollen corpse†. This is presented as an inhumane thing to do. The vultures are picking at the body of either a dead animal. After this the poet presents the juxtaposing idea of how the birds love each other. People are presented in comparison to the vultures using the example of the brutal Nazi Commandant at the Belsen concentration camp. The poem states how the commandant goes home ‘with the fumes of human roast clinging rebelliously to his hairy nostrils’. This emphasises the more negative side. The word ‘hairy’ compares the commandant to the vultures as it is a description which also applies to the vultures feathers. The poem also says how the commandant stops at the sweet shop to buy a chocolate for his child. The poet uses the phrase ‘tender offspring’ to refer to the child; the word tender suggests that there is a close, caring and loving relationship between the commandant and his child. Therefore this shows the more positive side to the poem. The use of the word offspring, which usually refers to the child of an animal, links people to the vultures in the poem. So the poem presents humans negatively, with an evil side, but also shows how these kinds of people also have a more tender side to them, just like the vultures. It compares people with animals such as vultures. Overall the words used are both negative and then follow a positive point. ‘Two Scavengers in a Truck, two Beautiful People in a Mercedes’ uses linguistic features to present people. In the first couple of lines, the colours yellow and red are used to describe the garbage men. These colours are bright and suggest brightness into their lives. The adjective used to describe the people in the Mercedes is elegant and this is repeated, which suggests the couple are boring as there are no other adjectives to describe them. This also emphasises on the word and shows that they are very posh and therefore quite snobby. This is ironic as you would expect the couple to have a better life whereas the garbage men are expected to have a boring and dull life. The way that the couple are dressed and appear is described using various phrase and adjective; ‘hip’, ‘three-piece linen suit’, ‘shoulder length blond hair & sunglasses’, ‘young blond woman’ and ‘casually coifed’. All of the previous sugge st that the couple are superior to the garbage men. This is because they are modern and are living what can be described as The ‘American Dream’. The garbage men are described more negatively, the first one id referred to as having ‘grey iron hair’, †hunched back’ and’ gargoyle Quasimodo’. The word ‘grey’ contrasts with the earlier colours but also suggests that he is quite dirty, the phrase ‘gargoyle Quasimodo’ implies that he is ugly and compares him to the Hunchback of Notre Dame, who was very caring and loving despite his appearance. The second of the garbage men is described the same as the Mercedes driver, however you know that they are nothing alike from other references and also because the two men are collectively described as ‘scavengers’ and ‘grungy’. The use of the word ‘scavengers’ suggest the two men are poor and the fact that they are garbage men emphasises this further. Overall it is shown that the garbage men are dirtier but have a more interesting life, whereas the elegant couple are shown to have the more boring life. One of the unusual things about the poem is that it doesn’t have clear sentences, full stops or commas. Even the lines don’t all start in the same place – some lines start on the left, some on the right and some in the middle. This is done on purpose. The four people are together for a few seconds and the poet quickly notes down some differences. It also means that when you read it, you stop at different places, and this might make you think about different ideas in the poem, and what you think of modern life. The two poems present people in different way using different adjectives and linguistic features. They also show that people are not in anyway perfect in their actions and appearances. Therefore by these two poems we are shown that people can be both evil and kind and also you cannot judge a book by its cover. The two garbage men are referred to as scavengers with a low status, whilst the young people are described as elegant. The poem is set in what can be described as a ‘snapshot’ in time, which is when they are waiting at the traffic lights. Although the two groups of people are presented completely differently in terms of status they sill exist in the same place at the same time which is what brings them together.

Critical Analysis of a Child’s Reading Essay

Reading is an essential skill in modern society. Not only does it enable people to access information, it provides people with a great deal of pleasure. It is vital that primary schools equip children with effective strategies for reading as well as foster a desire to read that will stay with them throughout their lives. This analysis of reading will firstly give a brief outline of the context of my school placement. It will analyse two pupils as readers and their strategies. The school’s policy indicates that the context of teaching reading is very important – suggesting a variety of text styles. English & Williamson (2005) inform us that the introduction of the National Literacy Strategy (DfES 2001) broadened the range of texts children are introduced to at primary level. The school is superbly resourced, with thousands of books available to all pupils. Silent reading is also practised daily. X Primary is a larger than average three-form entry primary school with 472 pupils. It’s in an area of average to high socio-economic status and the majority of pupils are from White British backgrounds with few pupils who speak English as an additional language. The number of pupils with learning difficulties is below average. (Ofsted 2010). Below is an analysis of a child’s reading. I will focus on analysing the child’s mistakes in reading, called miscues (Hall, 2003) to gain information of the child as a reader. See more: how to write a critical analysis outline Pupil A was chosen for assessment as he enjoys reading and is a strong reader. He has had several school moves due to family issues, and has received intervention and support throughout his time at Primary X due to his level of absence. He is eager to learn, and was keen to read for me. The assessment involved analysing his word recognition and comprehension skills. This provides an opportunity to understand how Pupil A as a fairly fluent reader may process a text. The text which was read by Pupil A was chosen as it was unknown to him. It was also chosen as a text that was suitable for his level of reading. Many of Pupil A’s miscues take place in the form of substitution. These miscues often relate to his syntactic knowledge. He reads ‘a’ instead of ‘one’ (line 3) and ‘but’ instead of ‘and’ (line 8). He also produces the miscue ‘even’ (line 9) as an insertion. These miscues suggest that he is making predictions about a text using his syntactic knowledge. This suggests that Pupil A brings his own knowledge to a text which causes him to make ‘predictions’ (Smith cited in Hall, 2003), resulting in a miscue. This suggests that Pupil A uses his syntactic knowledge to obtain meaning in what he reads (Hall, 2003). This miscue can also alter the meaning of the text which may affect his understanding. Pupil A makes the same miscue when he substitutes ‘for’ for ‘from’ (Page 2 line 1). He self corrects and asks for reassurance in his correction. Pupil A also corrects himself on the word ‘quickly’ (Pg 3 line 3). This self-correction reveals that he uses syntactic knowledge to process the text, but also that the text Pupil A sees is different from the text on the page (Goodman cited in Hall, 2003). Goodman suggests that there are two texts in question when reading takes place, being the actual text, and the perceived text. Pupil A demonstrated a comprehensive understanding of the text. He demonstrated an understanding for the organisation of the text and recalled events of the story. Pupil A demonstrated an ability to infer from the text and evaluate it. When questioned, he was able to express that he liked the text and expressed why. He demonstrated emotional or psychological response to the text and characters feelings. This suggests that Pupil A engaged with the text and was interested in the plot. In conclusion Pupil A demonstrates a clear ability to read fluently and uses different strategies for decoding words. His ability to decode unknown words could be extended by knowledge of consonant digraphs. Pupil A shows an ability to understand a text on a literal level, as well as engaging in a text by making inferences and evaluating a text. We could improve this motivation to read by encouraging Pupil A to read regularly for pleasure. Pupil B was chosen as although she receives literacy support, she does not enjoy reading. She has accessed literacy support since starting at Primary school in Year 3 and has made considerable progress and is able to read certain texts independently however she also shows little interest in reading for pleasure. She is willing to read with me, as she is used to reading with adults, in a 1-1 situation, and is comfortable with me as I have been in her class for several weeks. She is reluctant to pick a book she in unfamiliar with and cannot think of a favourite author/book when questioned. Pupil B begins well, with her decoding strategies revealing her processing of a text but also her phonic knowledge. She reads the word ‘spider lings’ (line 8) correctly, by segmenting the word in her head first. She then blends ‘ling’ quietly, to herself, and then asks for reassurance to put both words together. This is because this is an unusual, unknown word, and Pupil B is unfamiliar with the term. She stumbles over the word ‘different’ (line9). She did not segment the word out loud and so it is difficult to determine which strategy she used to decode the word. Nevertheless, it is possible that Pupil B may have used one of two strategies. For the first strategy, it’s possible that she segmented and blended the word in silently. This suggests that Pupil B is confident in segmenting and blending. For the second strategy, Pupil B may have used her graphophonic knowledge to decode the word. Therefore it is possible that she recognised the word from previous reading exercises. She demonstrates her grapheme-phoneme correspondence knowledge in her unsuccessful attempt to decode the word ‘notice’ (line 10). She fell silent which suggests she attempted to segment the word in her head. However, Pupil B finds this strategy unsuccessful and then chooses to segment the word out loud Pupil B often falls silent throughout the exercise, and waits for a prompt. I feel this is due to her lack of confidence rather than lack of knowledge. Pupil B demonstrates her grapheme and phonemic knowledge (Hall, 2003) by successfully sounding out the first syllable of the word ‘children’ (line11). She was unable to sound out the second syllable. This suggests that she struggled to sound out a particular grapheme. It’s possible that Pupil B was unfamiliar with the consonant digraph ‘il’. However, Pupil B demonstrates a fluency in reading which may suggest that she uses sight reading as a strategy (Ehri cited in Hall, 2003) to process a text. Erhi (cited in Hall, 2003) suggests that readers find new ways of identifying words. Finding new methods to identify a word can help a reader to become a more fluent in reading. My reading assessment can provide an insight to how a reader may process a text (Ellis & Lewis, 2006 but it’s only an insight. I cannot be certain that the suggested reading strategy is the method used. The child’s responses is dependent on the text. Another influence could be the text’s difficulty. Too difficult a text may cause them to make miscues and create an unfair representation of the reader (Campbell, 2011). A reader’s inability to engage in the text may be because the reader is not interested in the text. To remedy this, it would be useful to find out what books the reader prefers. Another strategy for developing reading is shared reading which provides opportunities for children to peer assess. Iversen & Reeder (1998) suggest that this allows children to actively participate when they feel comfortable. This is useful when children haven’t developed full confidence in their own reading ability, it provides a ‘safe’ structure encouraging contribution. This would be beneficial if both pupils could work together as Pupil A may help Pupil B become more engaged with the text. After analysing both Pupil A and Pupil B, I was surprised at how both pupils used similar techniques, however they were different when reading aloud. I felt there was a gap in understanding and intonation from both pupils, despite being close in age, and both receiving support. I believe another difference was the pupils was desire to read, with Pupil A keen to read books, demonstrating a clear opinion on authors or genre, however Pupil B was reluctant to name a book she’d read, and didn’t have a favourite author/style. I believe this lack of enthusiasm for reading will hinder her development, regardless of support put in. In conclusion, both pupils show an understanding and varying strategies to break down a text, however the major difference seems to be their attitude towards reading itself. References EDP 4120 Assessing Reading Riley, J & Reedy, D. (2000) Developing writing for different purposes: teaching about genre in the early years. Paul Chapman Publishing, London. Iversen, S. & Reeder, T. (1998) Organising for a Literacy Hour, London: Kingscourt Publishing. Hall, K 2003 Listening to Stephen Read: Multiple perspectives on Literacy Buckingham: Open University English, E. and Williamson, J. (2005) Meeting the Standards in Primary English. Routledge Falmer. DfES. (2006) The Primary Framework for literacy and mathematics, London: Department for Education and Skills. DfES. (2006) The Primary Framework for literacy and mathematics: Core position papers underpinning the renewal of guidance for teaching literacy and mathematics, London: Department for Education and Skills. DfEE. (1999) The National Curriculum: Handbook for primary teachers in England, London: Department for Education and Employment. Ofsted 2010 Campbell, R 2011 Miscue Analysis in the Classroom Leicester: UKLA

Descriptive Essay House on Fire Essays

Descriptive Essay House on Fire Essays Descriptive Essay House on Fire Paper Descriptive Essay House on Fire Paper descriptive essay house on fire The House on Fire That cold night of December 2004 had left behind a memory which will stay in my mind for a never ending period of time. That night was not the same as the rest of the days in my life. Instead of going to bed, that night I was standing in the middle of the road, in complete terror. My heartbeat was accelerating with fear and tears were rolling down my cheeks as I saw Emily taken away by the ambulance. The house, which I was standing in front of, was burning as fire engulfed it from all sides. There was fire everywhere. The roof was on fire, the doors and the windows were on fire, fire was even coming out of the house through various openings, looking like a fire-breathing dragon was inside the house, puffing fire. The flames burned deep red and amber, almost livid purple as I saw various firefighters trying to put out the fire. Nothing inside was likely to survive the fire. Flames were licking up in the air with the wind, trying to catch something else on fire, and finding nothing but air, disappearing into the windy night, like disappointed flutters. Everything was happening too fast. During a minute or less, fire had spread across the entire landing. I was petrified by the sight of the fire, which crawled lizard like up the house. The house was exploding in yellow blue flames that quickly turned orange. I was trembling and whimpering softly as I saw Emily’s mother sitting on the ground, helplessly. She was crying out of despair. Her reaction had made me even more scared. I wanted someone to console me by telling me that nothing will happen to Emily. She was my best friend. We had spent seven years of our childhood together and I did not want to lose her. I was praying silently while Emily’s mother had lost all the hope of her survival. I had never felt so alone before. Even the thought of losing her, frightened me. I felt as if I was living through the worst nightmare. Grief is the worst feeling in the world. You feel hopeless, scared, angry, frustrated, alone and afraid. Going through a phase in life when you have a feeling of losing someone is hard to accept and it is much harder for an eight years old child. You feel as if the world had stopped and you could never move on in life. It is very painful to accept that you will no longer be able to see someone who was very close to the heart. I was crying while looking at the crowd of people that had clustered around the house by that time. The voices of the people echoed in my ear hauntingly. Their screams and shouts gave rise to my fear. I was horrified by the siren of the ambulance, the police car and the firefighters, the ringing of the phones of the crowd, the yelling, the cries, the increasing roar of the fire; everything added chaos to that place and frightened me even more. Ghosts of smoke were drifting across the street. I smelled smoke. It was not heavy, but it had a pungent smell. I started to cough as the smoke enfolded me. The air surrounding me was becoming less breathable by the second. My mouth was filled with the bitter taste of the smoke. I wanted a draught of clean air to rinse out my polluted lungs. The cough had aggravated pain in my head. My eyes were becoming swollen and watery. Soon after, the fire got quite out of control as the whole house was on fire. The firefighters evacuated the street and told everyone to go inside their houses. I had no choice but to retreat to my room where I could see, feel, and hear Emily’s house burn down. In a few minutes, the house had been reduced to a pile of rubble, ashes, and smouldering wood and items. There was a rotting smell that took over the whole neighbourhood, like a bad barbeque party gone horribly wrong. The smell was so overpowering that it took almost a week to get it out of my nose. That horrifying night of December still reminds me how valuable a person is in our life. If the firefighters were even one minute late in rescuing Emily, I would have lost my best friend that day.

How to Make the Most of Your LinkedIn Profile

How to Make the Most of Your LinkedIn Profile Whats one of the most neglected, but often the most beneficial social media platform, for freelancers? LinkedIn. Unlike Facebook and Twitter, which are more social in nature, LinkedIn was created, and is used mostly, as a tool for business. People dont expect to be on LinkedIn to create personal relationships or keep in touch as much as they are to connect with like-minded professionals, create networking opportunities, and find work. As a freelancer, this gives you not only a good reason to be on LinkedIn, but to take full advantage of it. Here are some of my top tips on using LinkedIn as a source of new clients and freelancing work: 1. Complete your profile: Finish it. The more complete your profile, the better chance you have of showing up in the search results. You want your profile to sparkle before potential clients check it out. Like your letter of introduction, your LinkedIn profile can do a lot of the marketing and selling for you without much effort if youve taken the time to really customize it and work on it early on. 2. Make your profile keyword rich: You know how you go on LinkedIn and search for potential clients to connect with? Those same people are often using the search bar in LinkedIn to find freelancers they might like to hire. Will you show up in the search results? If youre a writer specializing in climate change, make sure to include that keyword, along with other relevant ones, in your profile. Ditto for business writing, content marketing, and any regions that youd like to be known for. 3. Use first person: Your LinkedIn profile is not a resume, nor should it read like one. If you want to think of it as a resume, think of it as a very modern version of one. Look, youre not looking for a job here, youre looking to connect with people. And the best way to do that is 4. Participate in groups: A fantastic way to start connecting with people you dont know without actually adding them straight to your network is 5. Recommend people: Give out recommendations when you can and show your clients that you appreciate them. It will lead to better relationships and more work from people you already like working with. You might even get one back. 6. Find content marketing gigs through search: One of the most effective ways of finding work through LinkedIn is simple: Search for it. This works especially well if youre looking for higher-paying content marketing, business, or agency clients. Ive found several clients on LinkedIn that have paid $200 an hour and up. Use keywords such as content, content marketing, environment editor, business magazine, content director, and tweak according to the kind of publications or organizations youre looking for and the titles of the people in those organizations that are most likely to hire freelancers. LinkedIn can be a very effective tool in your arsenal if you now how to use it right. With the tips above, youll be well on your way. - Mridu Khullar Relph is on a mission to help writers make money. Check out her website to find sample query letters that sold to top publications, case studies on how she became a regular writer for The New York Times and TIME, resources on six-figure freelancing, and a free list of 70+ markets that pay $1 a word. www.TheInternationalFreelancer.com

Consciousness, Creativity and Identity Assignment

Consciousness, Creativity and Identity - Assignment Example Men’s rugby has received immense publicity while women’s has received minimal. The men who feature in advertisements for rugby have protruding biceps and broad chests like weights lifters. In those advertisements, they use force and excessive energy when countering their counterparts. The subtext in these advertisements implies that women lack the physical capacity to play rugby and this is incorrect. In fact, some women are better body-built than some men are. Using physical capacity as a basis for not featuring women in rugby entrenches the traditional patriarchal stereotype that women are weaker than men are (Harrington p4). Exemplified tactics in rugby are another concern in considering the explicit absence of women in the arena of rugby. In traditional patriarchal societies, women were not allowed to engage in some activities because they were thought of as not having the mental aptitude required to handle them (Harrington p9). A similar notion is implied when rugby media coverage and advertisement conspicuously miss to mention anything about women. This is a notion that has been disproved, clearly, by the modern woman who ventures into almost every activity to which they were previously restricted and rugby is not an exception. Discipline is more of a personal matter than one that depends on sex and gender. Individual differences play an important role in a person’s predisposition to discipline. However, some commentators have observed that women are more likely to exercise restraint than men are. If this were to be used in comparing male and female rugby players, females would rate better males. Discipline alone cannot make a good rugby player without the other elements and as such, it would be unfair to exclude women from the game if they succeeded in blending all the elements (Harrington p4). Additionally, the extent to which a player exercises discipline in a game is influenced by their goals and objectives in the game and if women