The difference between incidence and prevalence data

Statistical data can enhance insights by establishing the relationship of events or factors to a population. However, the value and validity of these insights depends on the researchers’ skill in using data available for their research. Therefore there is a need to understand the distinctions and uses of these data to be able to develop insights regarding the population or set of information. One example understands the difference between incidence and prevalence data. By understanding characteristics unique to each, researchers will be able to use them appropriately and effectively.DistinctionsIncidence refers to the probability that an individual will be fall under a constraint within a given period of time (Casella & Berger, 2001). In epidemiology, this refers to the chances that an individual will contract a specific in a particular time period. The rate of incidence is computed as a factor of the population susceptible to the constraint. Prevalence, on the other hand is d efined as the probability that a constraint given a population (McClave & Sincich, 2006). Extending the definition to epidemiology, this refers to the likelihood of an individual in a population to acquire the disease. Its rate is derived from dividing the number of diagnosed cases over the total population.The distinction between the two sets of data is based on the time and population it refers to. Incidence has a time frame or range while prevalence only considers the current data or data at a specific time. With regards to population, incidence is measured based on a constraint, usually defined because of its vulnerability to the diseases, whereas prevalence considers the whole population. If prevalence data is diminished, it means that disease is being eradicated versus in incidence where diminishing values only indicate the degree by which medical interventions are able to treat the disease (Bertoni et al, 2004). Furthermore, prevalence is the cumulative measure of incidence a s of the time period which can differ significantly from incidence values (Casella & Berger, 2001).UsesIncidence data is often used when studying new and or short-term events. The data is independent from data gathered from other time periods, measuring only the newly diagnosed cases and does not consider populations who still have the condition or disease. As a measure of success in medical intervention, it measures the rate of success of treatments of the disease’s symptoms. They are often utilized when conditions being studied are curable or when symptoms can become absent or in studies periods of vulnerability for a disease (Bertoni et al, 2004). Thus, in the study of respiratory sensitization and allergy n due to reaction enzyme producing plant, incidence data was used because the focus of the study the significance of exposure and host factors to employee reactions (Larsen, 2007). Incidence rates will better measure this relationship since the production of the enzymes that produce the sensitivity is seasonal and the population is limited to the employees who are exposed to the plants.Prevalence data in contrast is used more for long-term studies. As mentioned, it is a cumulative measure and therefore considers new and old diagnoses. It is often used in chronic illnesses or conditions whose symptoms will always fall under the constraints characterized for it. There is a presumption of the continuance of the disease or condition and the date is used often in conjunction with periodic measures.Thus, in the measure of effectiveness of vaccination against Hepatitis A in north-eastern Italy, prevalence data were used because the concern was the success of the preventive measures for drug users in low prevalence areas: the measure is not among the population the cases that will be reported and the comparison of data is annually (Lugoboni et al, 2005). Prevalence studies will better develop insights to the success rate of the intervention, in this case v accination against Hepatitis A, because vaccination implies that focus is on the non-occurrence of the condition and at the same time, the focus is not short-term.ReferencesBertoni, Alain G., Hundley, W. Gregory, Massing, Mark W., Bonds, Gregory Denise E., Burke, L. and Goff, David C. Jr. (20004). Heart Failure Prevalence, Incidence, and Mortality in the Elderly With Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 27: 699.Casella, George and Berger, Roger L. (2001)Statistical Inference, 2nd Edition. London: Â  Duxbury PressJohnsen, A. I. C. R. , Frickmann, J. and Mikkelsen, S. (2007). Incidence of respiratory sensitisation and allergy to enzymes among employees in an enzyme producing plant and the relation to exposure and host factors. Occup. Environ. Med., 64: 763 – 768.Lugoboni, Fabio, Quaglio, Gianluca, Pajusco, Benedetta, Foroni, Blengio, Maurizio Gianstefano, Talamini, Giorgio, Mezzelani, Paolo and Des Jarlais, Don C. (2005). Prevalence of hepatitis A among drug users in north-eastern Italy: Is vaccination necessary in low prevalence areas? Eur J Public Health, 15: 464 – 466.McClave, James T. and Sincich, Terry (2006). Statistics,10th Edition. by New York: Prentice Hall

ICT AND FILM INDUSTRY

Digital technology in the past decade has totally changed the movie industry. Focusing on the crucial procedures of movie making and the impact that technology had on each of the areas, this research would look at recent reforms in the pre-production part of film making, furthermore we will try to know the new instruments, equipment and storage facilities being used by modern film makers and producers. Film distribution and the adverse impacts that technology has had on the movie industry, majorly on the illegitimate sale and piracy of copyrighted material is scrutinized. Post-theatre film distribution and the revolutionary breakthrough technologies in the industry are explored to look at the continuous changes in education and exercise of professionals in the movie industry. Computer generated graphics and the growing impact ICT has made in the industry is covered and the future of the film industry is predicted. ICT played a lot of positive role in different aspect of the world today. It has touched the medical industries, educational sector, governmental sector and even the movie or film industries. This paper discourse on how ICT have positively impacted the movie/film industry today. If we all remember our young age, we probably think of the 1700s, 1800s, or 1900s when the movie we watch are all cassettes or analog, and probably not durable, with the help of ICT today we can see changes in the video technology in the present world. As revolution continues in the movie industries the impacts of ICT have made the following changes; Technological tools have changed the script writing procedures by making use of the internet, using digital editing tools. The internet is also been used by scriptwriters to forward their scripts to producers, directors and potential cast associates in other to be reviewed by each characters either by peer review in a way of online forums. There has been a crucial increase in the past decade in the use of digital video cameras for film with low budget planning along with high definition video which is set to compete and go beyond the standard 35mm film both in quality and flexibility (culkin & Randle 2003). The post production phase of movie making has possibly been the most important impacted by the new technological inclination. The introduction of non-linear technology has made the use of film edited manually inefficient and time consuming. This procedure involves fixing and putting together film in a virtual screen where the directors, producers, and editors view the output of the film on screen. (culkin & randle 2003. p. 8) The whole course of film making has been completely technology driven, everything from the distribution to the projection of movie to audiences (consumers). However, the absence of commercial agreements between distributors and exhibitors of the films has slowed down the conversion to digital technologies. For instance, only 170 cinemas around the globe have converted to what is recognized as high-end digital (culkin & Randle 2003). Profit margins for the studios are recognizably decreasing, now being out casted or outnumbered by the game industry. So satellite delivery have recently made its first implementation on film industry and reports has shown that upon full execution of film distribution, it can save the film industry of cost of $700 million per year. (markman). A major problem the movie industry has been facing for the past years since the introduction of technology in the industry is the piracy and copyright issue. For this reason copyrighted movies have been easily affordable more than the original film produced for distribution. For movie and music content, these lead to quite a few lawsuits against peer-to-peer networks and individuals as result for stealing and distribution of these movies and music materials. This will always be one of the major industries issues the industry would have to face since the public (consumers) has access to this low cost copyrighted material (peer-2-peer and DVD writers). Nevertheless, the movie industry has endeavored to decrease the risk of piracy of movies by creasing the (CSS) known as content scrambling system in which only authentic DVD or VCD products which contain a certain decryption algorithm can play the particular movie. The same technology also has the capability to rearrange the video and audio on the DVD/CD so that only a DVD with the same decryption algorithm can play the film perfectly. The CSS technology is also designed to prevent users from direct copying of data from DVDs. Though, not long after the CSS technology was introduced, Norwegian teenagers reverse engineered a DVD technology by breaking the code that contain the decryption algorithm and uploaded decryption software for users around the world to use. These means that the movie industry would need to keep updating and also find and option to this difficulties (markman). The post-theatre market accounts roughly for three quarters of movie’s income during its lifetime. The principal of these are ideo rental shops which accounts for nearly half of all profits (). The DVD has completely brought a new dimension to the industry, becoming the fastest growing customer electronics item of all time (culkin & Randle 2003). DVD’s have undeniably increased film studio’s income when it decided to provide movie content to the home consumers with unbelievable picture and sound quality which does not worn out like the old VHS cassettes (markman). A new and rapidly developing area in the dis tribution processes of film industries is â€Å"Movie on demand†. This is a scenario where consumers download their desire movie over the internet instead of going down to their local video store or cinema house. The advantage of this technology is that virtually reduction or no-fees are needed to access the movie and the inconvenience if any when travelling to the video rental store or cinema house (culkin & Randle 2003). Rapid changes in the movie industry in recent years have forced many professionals around the world in audio and graphic industries to acquire new and specialized skills. This is an ongoing development in most industries. An example is that the post-production industries are expected to have continuous upgrades of equipment and software which will lead to continual re-training of employees/crews which in turns increase production costs (culkin & Randle 2003). Future distributions might comprise allowing editors in different countries to editors in various countries to edit film by just gaining access to digitized media on a server without actually leaving the comfort of his or her house. Satellite distributions to cinemas are at the vanguard of future film circulations and distributions. George Lucas, the director of star wars is looking forward to using satellite technology to project the rest of the episode in cinemas. This process of digitally distribution of the film through data projectors is known as E-Cinema (& Randle 2003). It is not expensive and definitely flexible in terms of distribution power; nevertheless Cinemas who wish to implement this new technology would have to acquire substantial expenses when converting to digital projection. This technology is very much still in the development level and the impact is not really seen yet (& Randle 2003). Gregory Huang article titled â€Å"the new face of the movie industry† studies the development in computer animated graphics in past years. Recent blockbuster movies like Spiderman 3 are good examples of how far computer graphics have come in recent years. The movie industry have come to a stage in which every single event in film making process can be computer generated . In past years, the technology illustrations of faces have not looked real when seen a lot closer as it is easier to make non-human objects like dinosaurs real, moreover, improvements in rendering human body or skin, lighting or darkening digital scenes and examining human characters or actors are now allowing animation engineers to manage and take control of every sing movement of pixels in an animated format (skin). Huang (2004) reports that an average budget for a bestseller film cost approximately $150 million where it is exceptional to see more than 50% of funding allocated to just the computer generated effect which in turns raise revenue to about average of $700 million per year. At least we can say that there is no area within the movie industry that has not been impacted by technology over the past years. The major impacts for pre-production phase have been focused on the development of script-writing tools as well as the increase use of internet to distribute script to editors, directors and other important parties within the industry. Generally equipment costs have drastically increased drastically reduced at the same time quality and flexibility of products has increased. The confinement of non-linear technology has all but made hand edited or manually edited movies an extinct and fast-track the whole film editing process (culkin & Randle 2003). The major downside which has increased concerns around film industries around the world is that it has become extremely easy for consumers around the world to copy copyrighted movie material and this keep generating problems in the industries till date. Finally we can say that the advancement in technology would only continue to bring improvement in the movie industries around the world and it is definitely set to revolutionize the industries for years to come.REFERENCECulkin, Nigel & Randle, Keith 2003, Facing the Digital Future: The Implications of Digital Technology for the Film Industry, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire. Huang, Gregory 2004, The New Face of Hollywood, Technology Review, http://www. technologyreview. com/articles/04/09/huang0904. asp? p=0. Markman, David & Vega 2001, Mark, Digital Future: Movie Industry Tries to Keep One Step Ahead of Hackers, Daily Journal, Los Angeles. ICT AND FILM INDUSTRY Digital technology in the past decade has totally changed the movie industry. Focusing on the crucial procedures of movie making and the impact that technology had on each of the areas, this research would look at recent reforms in the pre-production part of film making, furthermore we will try to know the new instruments, equipment and storage facilities being used by modern film makers and producers. Film distribution and the adverse impacts that technology has had on the movie industry, majorly on the illegitimate sale and piracy of copyrighted material is scrutinized. Post-theatre film distribution and the revolutionary breakthrough technologies in the industry are explored to look at the continuous changes in education and exercise of professionals in the movie industry. Computer generated graphics and the growing impact ICT has made in the industry is covered and the future of the film industry is predicted. ICT played a lot of positive role in different aspect of the world today. It has touched the medical industries, educational sector, governmental sector and even the movie or film industries. This paper discourse on how ICT have positively impacted the movie/film industry today. If we all remember our young age, we probably think of the 1700s, 1800s, or 1900s when the movie we watch are all cassettes or analog, and probably not durable, with the help of ICT today we can see changes in the video technology in the present world. As revolution continues in the movie industries the impacts of ICT have made the following changes; Technological tools have changed the script writing procedures by making use of the internet, using digital editing tools. The internet is also been used by scriptwriters to forward their scripts to producers, directors and potential cast associates in other to be reviewed by each characters either by peer review in a way of online forums. There has been a crucial increase in the past decade in the use of digital video cameras for film with low budget planning along with high definition video which is set to compete and go beyond the standard 35mm film both in quality and flexibility (culkin & Randle 2003). The post production phase of movie making has possibly been the most important impacted by the new technological inclination. The introduction of non-linear technology has made the use of film edited manually inefficient and time consuming. This procedure involves fixing and putting together film in a virtual screen where the directors, producers, and editors view the output of the film on screen. (culkin & randle 2003. p. 8) The whole course of film making has been completely technology driven, everything from the distribution to the projection of movie to audiences (consumers). However, the absence of commercial agreements between distributors and exhibitors of the films has slowed down the conversion to digital technologies. For instance, only 170 cinemas around the globe have converted to what is recognized as high-end digital (culkin & Randle 2003). Profit margins for the studios are recognizably decreasing, now being out casted or outnumbered by the game industry. So satellite delivery have recently made its first implementation on film industry and reports has shown that upon full execution of film distribution, it can save the film industry of cost of $700 million per year. (markman). A major problem the movie industry has been facing for the past years since the introduction of technology in the industry is the piracy and copyright issue. For this reason copyrighted movies have been easily affordable more than the original film produced for distribution. For movie and music content, these lead to quite a few lawsuits against peer-to-peer networks and individuals as result for stealing and distribution of these movies and music materials. This will always be one of the major industries issues the industry would have to face since the public (consumers) has access to this low cost copyrighted material (peer-2-peer and DVD writers). Nevertheless, the movie industry has endeavored to decrease the risk of piracy of movies by creasing the (CSS) known as content scrambling system in which only authentic DVD or VCD products which contain a certain decryption algorithm can play the particular movie. The same technology also has the capability to rearrange the video and audio on the DVD/CD so that only a DVD with the same decryption algorithm can play the film perfectly. The CSS technology is also designed to prevent users from direct copying of data from DVDs. Though, not long after the CSS technology was introduced, Norwegian teenagers reverse engineered a DVD technology by breaking the code that contain the decryption algorithm and uploaded decryption software for users around the world to use. These means that the movie industry would need to keep updating and also find and option to this difficulties (markman). The post-theatre market accounts roughly for three quarters of movie’s income during its lifetime. The principal of these are video rental shops which accounts for nearly half of all profits (). The DVD has completely brought a new dimension to the industry, becoming the fastest growing customer electronics item of all time (culkin & Randle 2003). DVD’s have undeniably increased film studio’s income when it decided to provide movie content to the home consumers with unbelievable picture and sound quality which does not worn out like the old VHS cassettes (markman). A new and rapidly developing area in the distribution processes of film industries is â€Å"Movie on demand†. This is a scenario where consumers download their desire movie over the internet instead of going down to their local video store or cinema house. The advantage of this technology is that virtually reduction or no-fees are needed to access the movie and the inconvenience if any when travelling to the video rental store or cinema house (culkin & Randle 2003). Rapid changes in the movie industry in recent years have forced many professionals around the world in audio and graphic industries to acquire new and specialized skills. This is an ongoing development in most industries. An example is that the post-production industries are expected to have continuous upgrades of equipment and software which will lead to continual re-training of employees/crews which in turns increase production costs (culkin & Randle 2003). Future distributions might comprise allowing editors in different countries to editors in various countries to edit film by just gaining access to digitized media on a server without actually leaving the comfort of his or her house. Satellite distributions to cinemas are at the vanguard of future film circulations and distributions. George Lucas, the director of star wars is looking forward to using satellite technology to project the rest of the episode in cinemas. This process of digitally distribution of the film through data projectors is known as E-Cinema (& Randle 2003). It is not expensive and definitely flexible in terms of distribution power; nevertheless Cinemas who wish to implement this new technology would have to acquire substantial expenses when converting to digital projection. This technology is very much still in the development level and the impact is not really seen yet (& Randle 2003). Gregory Huang article titled â€Å"the new face of the movie industry† studies the development in computer animated graphics in past years. Recent blockbuster movies like Spiderman 3 are good examples of how far computer graphics have come in recent years. The movie industry have come to a stage in which every single event in film making process can be computer generated . In past years, the technology illustrations of faces have not looked real when seen a lot closer as it is easier to make non-human objects like dinosaurs real, moreover, improvements in rendering human body or skin, lighting or darkening digital scenes and examining human characters or actors are now allowing animation engineers to manage and take control of every sing movement of pixels in an animated format (skin). Huang (2004) reports that an average budget for a bestseller film cost approximately $150 million where it is exceptional to see more than 50% of funding allocated to just the computer generated effect which in turns raise revenue to about average of $700 million per year. At least we can say that there is no area within the movie industry that has not been impacted by technology over the past years. The major impacts for pre-production phase have been focused on the development of script-writing tools as well as the increase use of internet to distribute script to editors, directors and other important parties within the industry. Generally equipment costs have drastically increased drastically reduced at the same time quality and flexibility of products has increased. The confinement of non-linear technology has all but made hand edited or manually edited movies an extinct and fast-track the whole film editing process (culkin & Randle 2003). The major downside which has increased concerns around film industries around the world is that it has become extremely easy for consumers around the world to copy copyrighted movie material and this keep generating problems in the industries till date. Finally we can say that the advancement in technology would only continue to bring improvement in the movie industries around the world and it is definitely set to revolutionize the industries for years to come. REFERENCE Culkin, Nigel & Randle, Keith 2003, Facing the Digital Future: The Implications of Digital Technology for the Film Industry, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire. Huang, Gregory 2004, The New Face of Hollywood, Technology Review, http://www. technologyreview. com/articles/04/09/huang0904. asp? p=0. Markman, David & Vega 2001, Mark, Digital Future: Movie Industry Tries to Keep One Step Ahead of Hackers, Daily Journal, Los Angeles.

Mexican Fiesta Information Essay

Mexico has several kinds of festivals, each celebrated for religious, national or local reasons. †¢ There is always some kind of party after the initial celebration, accompanied by traditional Mexican music and food. Elements of a fiesta: †¢ Fiestas include parades, beauty pageants, various contests, competitive sports such as football, singing, dancing, music and traditional food. Mexicans celebrate all major national and religious holidays with elaborate fiestas. Colourful decorations are essential, including lanterns, lights and streamers. †¢ One of the biggest features of a Mexican fiesta is the pinata, which is made of paper mache and filled with candy & gifts, then hung up and hit repeatedly until the inside goods fall out. †¢ Traditional Mexican food includes tortillas, tacos, nachos, Menudo (classic soup) & burritos. Ingredients used in these dishes can include pork, beef, corn, potatoes, chilli and various other spices. Food issues/Nutritional information: Food allergies to consider when planning any function can include peanuts, tree nuts, legumes, seafood/shellfish, soy and egg. †¢ Dietary requirements can include catering for vegetarians, vegans, religious reasons and lactose or dairy intolerance. †¢ One of the main foods used in Mexican foods are avocados. These fruits are packed with monounsaturated fat, which helps lower cholesterol. Capsaicin is also the active ingredient in chilli peppers, and can relieve congestion & fight inflammation. Mexican food is beneficial to health and often contains many antioxidants

Research Project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Project - Research Paper Example It was in line with this that the Obama government attempted a health care policy that will absolutely overhaul of the U.S. healthcare system. The product of this was the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) (Husky, 2011). Indeed, the intended impact of the PPACA is clearly spelt out in its name. First, it is expected that health care delivery will take a patient centered approach whereby the interest of the patient comes first in the delivery of health care. Meanwhile, patients visit the health care facility with an intention of receiving quality health care. Secondly, it is part of the idea that the quality of health care that is received will come at a much reduced cost. This means that the exchange for quality must not necessarily be high cost. No-cost preventive services as a mainstay feature of the PPACA One major challenge that had for long prevented the health care system from achieving the goal of quality health care delivery is the pressure that the system has in handing the needs of too many people at a go. Most often, the pressure on the system results in situation where health providers are too few for the health users or health facilities are inadequate to cater for the health needs of the people (Cuellar, 2012). Through an intensive study therefore, there was an aspect of the PPACA that focused mainly on how to reduce the burden on health care system so that delivery could be improved. What was born out of this was the need for there to be enough preventive care services that ensures that health conditions are prevented rather than cured. It was for this reason that no-cost preventive services were made part of the mainstream PPACA. Currently, preventive care takes care of aspects of health care delivery such as immunizations, shots, screening, yearly check-ups and tests (Morrisey, 2007). These preventive services have been made free because the cost benefit effect of leaving them to be optional and at a cost to patients would be wo rse off. For example if people are made to pay to receive health services that could easily be prevented, they may feel reluctant to do so, only for their health conditions to get deteriorating to a level that will demand more cost from service providers to treat. As far as statistics is concerned, the no-cost preventive service can be said to have three major categorizations of beneficiaries. These are adult services, Women's Preventive Services ObamaCare, and Children's Preventive Services ObamaCare. The table below gives a detailed presentation of the health conditions that are covered under each of the no-cost preventive services. Adult Services Women's Preventive Services Children's Preventive Services 1 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm one-time screening 2 Alcohol Misuse screening and counseling 3 Aspirin use 4 Blood Pressure screening for all adults 5 Cholesterol screening 6 Colorectal Cancer screening for adults over 50 7 Depression screening 8 Diabetes (Type 2) screening 9 Diet co unseling 10 HIV screening 11 Immunization vaccines 12 Obesity screening 13 Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) prevention counseling 14 Syphilis screening 15 Tobacco Use screening 1. Anemia screening 2. Breast Cancer Genetic Test Counseling (BRCA) 3. Breast Cancer Mammography screenings 4. Breast Cancer Chemoprevention counseling 5. Breastfeeding comprehensive support and counseling 6. Cervical Cancer screening 7. Chlamydia Infection screening 8. Contraception 9. Domestic and interpersonal violence

Healthcare Industry in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Healthcare Industry in the USA - Essay Example In comparison with a developing country, the United States is superior in development and well being. These factors are testified by the lower unemployment rate as well as higher income per capita. The United States also has a much longer life expectancy than in the developing countries. The higher life expectancy can be attributed to the better well being of individuals in the US, as well as the medical services. The United States has more physicians per capita and better facilities than the developing countries.Similarities in between the United States and other developed countries include the level of well being is roughly similar. As mentioned above, the differences exist in the access to healthcare and affordability of these services. The developed countries all have a life expectancy above seventy five years. In the United States and the European countries there are low numbers of infant mortality and every child has access to an educational facility. There are also less number s of birth complications in these countries affecting both the mother and the child. The countries also have a higher rate of female employment as compared to the developing countries.The developed and developing countries are diverging and this can be attributed to many factors. Firstly, the life expectancy of the developing countries is low and the majority of individuals die at working age as the life expectancy in these countries is below 60 years. Hence, the countries become less productive due to the diminished labor force.

An American Drama Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An American Drama - Movie Review Example This paper declares that  the movie starts immediately after a car accident had taken place. Detective Waters, a man of African American descent, had been in the area to inspect a crime scene in the same location of the accident he had just been involved in. When Waters goes to look at the crime scene, what he sees is not seen by the audience.  This study outlines that when Ryan and his partner, Hansen, leave the diner to begin their shift, they pull over a vehicle because they believed that the couple inside were engaged in sexual activities while driving. The black couple in the car, Cameron and Christine, obey the orders of the officers and leave the vehicle to be questioned. Christine, who had been drinking, is frisked by Ryan, though he involves himself more than he needed to, sexually molesting her. After his finishes with his groping, he lets the couple leave.  Another montage begins again, focusing on Christine’s anger at Cameron for not helping her when the poli ce officer was touching her. Daniel is shown putting his daughter to bed after she became scared when she heard a gun shot. Anthony and Peter, in the car they had stolen, accidentally runs over one of the Asian men from the diner, who they drop off at a hospital. Hansen, fed up with Ryan’s racism and behavior, tries to get a new partner. After this montage, others scenes are shown that display each character going through more problems involving racism, with the characters going against each other simply because of the color of their skin.

Problem and solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Problem and solution - Essay Example Another effect of junk foods is poor performance and obesity. These foods contain very huge amounts of fats. Obesity is caused by accumulation of these fats in the body resulting in abnormal weight gains. A person who consumes junk foods at least twice a week gains an extra 4.5kg of body weight. Johnson, Paul Kenny(2010). Solution: the most effective way of reducing obesity is regular physical exercises. Exercising leads to burning of excess calories since it speeds up metabolism rate in the body hence aiding in shedding away some of the weight. Excessive intake of junk food should also be avoided, instead one should increase intake of white meat such as fish instead of red meat. High levels of sodium and fats contained in junk food can lead to high blood pressure or hypertension. Disproportionate dietary sodium can also have an undesirable effect on renal function and can cause kidney ailment. Consumption of junk food during pregnancy can intensify the risk of poor mental health, anxiety and depression in the young ones. It also causes emotional and behavioral problems such as tantrums and aggression. When junk foods are frequently used, they can cause cancer. This is based on the fact that they lack all the vitamins and proteins that are essential for proper functioning of the body. The immune system is also impaired. As a result, the diseased cells can become cancerous. Furthermore, packed junk foods usually contain preservatives and coloring which have carcinogenic substance. These carcinogenic substances are harmful for the body especially for the cardiovascular

Payment Document Managment Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Payment Document Managment Comparison - Essay Example Users enjoy access to work and collaborate on corporate, personal and business content. Utilizing SAP mobile platform to deploy and build mobile application that help to keep individuals connected. SAP program is a mobile application platform that solves mobility challenges as well as supporting mobile application that fit the business to consumer or business to enterprise use case and helps balance device the requirement of the user with enterprise requirement (Klamm, Bonnie and Joann, 21). The paper will discuss payment document management through utilization of SAP ECC 6.0 and Microsoft Dynamics GP10. Payment document utilizes the information present in the receivable management and payment management modules and updates the bank reconciliation and general ledger module by utilizing SAP program and Microsoft dynamic GP 10. In the past years, the increase in complexity of the products has resulted to the creation of development tools that are increasing complex, such as more advanced production processes and computer aided design such as computer aided manufacturing systems. Computer aided design system and computer aided manufacturing system tools have been utilized to optimize production quality and times. As the process become more complex, the systems utilized for the management of technical document entails the need for it to more sophisticate. The many procedures describing products such as texts and design drawing means that there is huge increase in the data that has been stored digitally. The availability and quality of documentations is becoming increasingly significant. The management of the various documents under the SAP system present various advantages that includes linking document management to production systems and computerized development with the aim of avoiding data redundancy, minimizing the work load involved as well as maintaining consistency of data in

Why Animal Experimentation Should be Banned Essay

Why Animal Experimentation Should be Banned - Essay Example This essay stresses that animal experimentation is an integral part of medical science. However, it seems to be that this is in part due to it being a scientific institution rather than something which is of great benefit. Medical research has relied on animals and animal models for such a long time that some scientists, perhaps, are unable to see the benefits of alternative means of experimentation. Animal models have been used for decades, and they are familiar, and even if they are not specifically accurate when it comes to modeling human disease, they are at least predictable and well-characterized. may be that many of the new techniques that have the potential to replace animal experimentation are simply not-well known enough to be considered acceptable replacements for animal models that are considered more reliable. This paper makes a conclusion that it is truly impossible to see how using animals in medical experiments can be considered ethical. When the results are so often misleading, sometimes to the point where harm is caused to humans, how can we possibly justify the suffering and slaughter of millions of animals worldwide every year? The simple answer is that we can’t. Animal testing is not effective or reliable enough, it is morally and ethically wrong, and there are increasing numbers of safe, accurate, and reliable alternatives to this practice. Animal experimentation must and should stop.

Business Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Laws - Essay Example Single-firm conduct is a practice that undermines several United States’ laws, for example, Section 2 of the Sherman Act. The behaviour is evident in companies that are successful to the extent that they do not observe common competitive pressures. A normal market, such as the American market, supports a competitive market with competing firms. Most of the laws to regulate this malpractice are effective, but to some extent. The Sherman Act makes monopolization or attempts to monopolize trade activities illegal (Katz, 2006). The law may be ineffective because of its ambiguity, especially in the definition of monopolization. For instance, it provides room for aggressive marketing procedures, unless a company tries to achieve monopoly through â€Å"unreasonable† measures. A legitimate business justification is not an â€Å"unreasonable† method, according to a court of law. For instance, a business may have effective strategies that ensure they meet their target mark et without the use of any unlawful methods that may be injurious to competitors or customers. An example is the Microsoft Company, which fashioned a monopoly over operating systems software for personal computers that are IBM-compatible. Through this, the company managed to dissuade other computer makers and software developers from installing non-Microsoft browser software in its products. Through the law, competing firms were able to make Microsoft end their conduct that prevented rivals from gaining a market share. Fraudulent advertising is a negative practice that undermines fair, balanced, and competitive business practices. Listerine, a largely commercial product in the early 1900s, has faced several bans and fines owing to its false advertisements. As a mouthwash product, its advertisements claimed to cure colds, a fact that was clinically incorrect. This business practice affects several stakeholders, especially consumers

Research Brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Brief - Essay Example The types of HRD interventions are classified into individual based, group based and inter group based interventions. The individual based interventions involve counseling, coaching, motivation and mentoring etc. the group based interventions involve group facilitation, virtual teams, conflict management and many others while the inter group based interventions involve third party peacemaking interventions as well as organization mirroring. The main focus is implied on the techno structural intervention. This deals with the restructuring of the entire organization. This restructuring is done with the area of the workload of the total organization by dividing it into several subunits in order for the effectual completion of the tasks. This restructuring can be done on certain major factors which include organization size, technology, worldwide operation, and environment and organization strategy (Sandhu.G et al, 2012). One of the most vital parts of the techno structural intervention is considered to the employee involvement which can be defined as the foundation of skills, power, information, knowledge and finally reward. One of the concluding modules of HRD interventions includes the work design. The work design involves not only the scientific management but also the motivational approach. The involvement of the employees in the process of organizational development is of core importance (Gamerdinger.1997). Without the part played by the employees in the interventions, success is never guaranteed. The impact of the employee involvement on the types of interventions can be made effective by providing them with several learning styles and processes which makes it able to enhance the positive outcome from the employees. Alongside the advantages that the implication of HRD interventions holds, there are certain challenges impacting the professional practice of HRD. These challenges not only affect the HRD

The tulip touch Essay Example for Free

The tulip touch Essay The 168 page book called The Tulip Touch by Annie Fine, quoted the book with the fiery eye and the secret message on the cover is about a teenage girl who lives inside a large hotel called the palace. After constantly staying at the hotel Natalie become bored, and with her mum busily running the hotel Natalie and her dad went for a walk by the farm which is where they met Tulip, who from that moment on became Natalies friend. At the beginning of their friendship Tulip almost never arrived at school and Natalie was left to drift around the playground aimlessly with out any friends hoping Tulip would show up. To make it even worse Natalie was not allowed to find Tulip after school for reasons she didnt understand. When they were together they went and did everything, always finding something fun and new to do. Later, when Tulip finally decided to regularly attend school Natalie become worried about her obnoxious behavior in class as she always managed to find some way to be sent outside into the hallway. Natalie didnt know why she did, but Tulip seemed to enjoy it whether she was scaring the staff half to death, refusing to work or even spoiling all the fun actives like the ropes and field trips. Natalie felt very undecided and confused with her parents decision of sending her to Heathcote and on the days just before the deadline she felt like a bird on an extremely hot wire, every few minutes she expected to hear her dad say well Heathcote it is and then to see him send off the note. Soon Natalie had become so influenced by Tulip that she too had become bad in and out of school, finding harder and harder ways to get into trouble, even going as far as conning their way into other peoples houses. As the flames of the chicken shed leapt higher and higher Natalie was suddenly pulled down into a ditch by Tulip as she heard the fire sirens, and then suddenly out of the whirl of confusion everything just clicked into place. For those were the moments that their friendship died. After the friendship died, Tulips behavior continued to quickly decline whether she was scratching the paint off the walls in the bathrooms or teasing the parents of a dead girl, she just kept getting worse. Tulips very last, very worst game of all was when she torched down the hotel the palace using petrol and paraffin. Tulip had chosen a night when everyone was all together singing and dancing, so that no-one would notice a dark figure running around outside. Natalie feels sorry and guilty for Tulip because she has a wonderful hotel to stay in and great parents to take care of her while Tulip lives in a dump with horrible parents who dont care for her. I think the message of the book is that no-one is born evil and that there is a reason for their behavior, for Tulip it was her parents and overall home life. I enjoyed the touch Tulip always added to her lies for example the lie was: the army is using the farm for training, and the touch she added was: when I get home they are letting me drive a tank. I learnt that there are some bad people in the world who may have had extremely sad lives and that all of us, like Natalie, can choose good or evil. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

Malaria and Typhoid Fever Infection Rates in Pregnant Women

Malaria and Typhoid Fever Infection Rates in Pregnant Women Plasmodium falciparum and Salmonella typhiCo- infection Among Pregnant Women in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria. Okonkwo, E. C., Nwele, D. E., Nworie, O., Agumah, N. B., Orji, J. O.and1Nwuzo, A. C.   Abstract Malaria and typhoid fever are both endemic in the tropics and pregnant women constitute one of the high risk groups. This study was carried out to determine the rate of malaria-typhoid co-infection in pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria. About120 volunteer pregnant women were recruited during routine antenatal. Malaria infection was determined by qualitative immunodiagnostic assay and confirmed by microscopic examination of thick and thin giemsa stained slides.Typhoid infection was determined by Widalagglutination method and confirmed by stool culture. Out of 120 pregnant women studied, 49 (40.8%) were positive for malaria parasite and equally had significant titre of salmonella antibiotics. Of the 120 stool samples cultured 29 (24.2%) were positive for salmonella. Thus, the overall rate of malaria-typhoid co-infection was 12.5% by both Widalagglutination and stool culture methods. The co-infection of malaria and ty phoid in pregnancy has a profound effect on adverse pregnancy outcome. Weadvocate for routine screening and treatment of infected pregnant women. Keywords: Co-infection, Malaria and Typhoid, Pregnant Women, Ebony State, Nigeria INTRODUCTION Malaria and typhoid fever (caused by plasmodium falciparum and salmonellaspp respectively) are both diseases of public health importance which are endemic in both tropical and subtropical countries including Nigeria. The association between typhoid and malaria was first described in medical literature in the middle of the 19th century by the United States Army and was erroneously called â€Å"typho-malaria fever† (Smith, 2002). Recent studies in Africa seem to corroborate the relationship between malaria and typhoid fever (Ammahetal., 2009). It is noteworthy that the socio-economic and environmental condition that tend to sustain high prevalence of malaria in endemic areas also favour the transmission of salmonellatyphi, the causative agent of typhoid fever. (Prasannaetal., 2011) The World Health organization has estimated that in 1995, 219 million cases of malaria were documented with about 1.2 million deaths (Brabin 1983). Malaria infection often presents with head ache, fever, shivering, arthralgia (joint pain), vomiting, hemolytic anaemia, jaundice, hemoglobinuria and retinal damage (Brabin, 1983; Gills etal., 1999). Complications of malaria involve respiratory distress, which occurs in up to 25% of adults and 40% of children. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) may develop in 5-25% in adults and up to 29% of pregnant women, although it is rare in young children (Isibor, et. al., 2011). Pregnant women are especially vulnerable to malaria infection. In Sub-Sahara Africa, maternal malaria is associated with up to 200,000 estimated infant deaths yearly (Isiboretal., 2011). Typhoid fever is considered a particular risk in pregnancy because of reduced peristaltic activity in the gastro-intestinal and biliary tracts and increased prevalence of biliary â€Å"sludge† (Bashyametal., 2007). Materials and method Area The study was carried out at the antenatal clinic, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State. Study population The study involved pregnant women who had fever by the time of their visit to the hospital. Sample collection Intravenous blood sample (5ml) was collected from each participant. The samples were stored in refrigerator after collection and were processed within six hours. Stool samples were also collected from participants using sterile universal containers. Determination of malaria infection This was carried out using antigen Rapid Test Device method as well as Giemsa stained thick and thin blood smear for microscopic detection of P. Falciparum. Both procedures were carried out as described by Cheesbrough, (2002). Widal test Widal agglutination test was performed on all malaria positive blood samples using commercial antigen suspension and the procedure was as described by the manufacturer. Also stool culture was done to further confirm S. Typhi. 10ml of selenite- F broth was added to 3g of the stool sample and mixed vigorously, and then incubated at 37oc for 24hours. Thereafter, a loopful of the sample was inoculated onto salmonella-stigella agar medium and incubated at 370c for 24 hours to get discreet colonies (Lactose fermenters were confirmed by pink colonies on SSA). The colonies were Gram stained and further subjected to biochemical analysis. Results Out of the 120 pregnant women at their different stages of pregnancy that participated in this present study, 49 (40.9%) were positive for malaria, while 29(24.2) tested positive for S. typhi. Malaria infection was highest during the first trimester (16.7%) while S. typhi was more prevalent during the third trimester. The overall malaria and typhoid fever co-infection showed a prevalence of 12.5% (see table 1). Table 1: prevalence of P. falciparum and S. typhi among women in different stages of pregnancy Stages of pregnancy N0 examined P. falciparum S. typhi Co-infection 1st trimester 40 20(16.7%) 8(6.7%) 5(4.2%) 2nd trimester 30 11(9.2%) 6(5%) 4(3.3%) 3rd trimester 50 18(15%) 15(12.5%) 6(5%) Total 120 49(40.9%) 29(24.2%) 15(12.5%) Table 2 and 3 below shows the comparative methods employed during this study. Both RDT and Microscopy methods were considered desirable as they gave positive result P. falciparumat all stages. Similarly, both widal test and culture methods gave confirmatory positive results for S. typhi. Table 2 comparative test for malaria using rapid diagnostic test and microscopy. Stage of pregnancy RDT (%) Microscopy (%) Number examined 1st 20(16.7) 20(16.7) 40 2nd 11(9.2) 11(9.2) 30 3rd 18(15) 18(15) 50 Total 49(40.9) 49(40.9) 120 Table 3 comparative Test for S. typhi by the widal and culture methods stages of pregnancy Widal (%) Stool culture (%) Number examined 1st 8(6.7) 8(6.7) 40 2nd 6(5) 6(5) 30 3rd 15(12.5) 15(12.5) 50 Total 29(24.2) 29(24.2) 120 Discussion Malaria and its co-infection with typhoid fever is a major public health problem in pregnant women in Nigeria. The malaria prevalence rate of 40.9% observed in the present study suggests high endemicity and transmission of malaria parasite. The high prevalence suggests increased susceptibility of pregnant women to malaria infection often due to induced immunosuppression (Ndukaetal., 206). The high prevalence could also be attributed to lack of adequate preventive measures being adopted by the pregnant women. Pregnant women in their first trimester were more infected with malaria as recorded in this study and this was in line with the earlier findings of Ukibeetal., (2008). This could attributedto the absence of medical facility or the inability of the pregnant women to register for antenatal on time. The prevalence of malaria-typhoid co-infection among the pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in this study was 12.5%. This is comparable to previous reports (Akinyemietal., 2007; Prasanna, 2011). The observed prevalence suggests that typhoid fever is a common co-infection in malaria infected women in this part of the country. The reduction of cellular and humoral immunity which occurs in pregnancy renders pregnant women susceptible to other infections including typhoid fever (Scholarpurka, etal., 2000). Malaria infected pregnant women are said to be more prone to typhoid fever because of the increased heamolysis in malaria which is said to increase the availability of iron in the tissue especially the liver and salmonella species are believed to thrive more in iron rich tissues (Kaye and Hook, 2003). It is pertinent to note that both typhoid and malaria in pregnant women present with management problems since most drugs used in the treatment of both diseases are contra-indicate d in pregnancy. Also both diseases have been associated with pregnancy outcomes such as premature deliveries, spontaneous abortions, low birth weight and intra-uterine foetal deaths (Nasemetal., 2008). The transmission of P. falciparium and S. Typhi is affected by environmental factors such as poor environmental sanitation, poor housing and inadequate safe water supply. This could be reason for the high prevalence since majority of the pregnant women were rural dwellers. Te use of insecticide treated net, safe water supply and personal hygiene as well as early registration for antenatal clinic of pregnant women are advocated. Reference Akinyemi,K.O, Bamiro, B.S and Coker, H,O (2007). Salmonellosis in Lagos, Nigeria. Incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria associated co- infection, patterns of antimicrobial resistance and emergence of induced susceptibility to fluoroquinolines. Journalof Health Popul Nuttri, 25: 351-358. Bashyam, H. (2007).Surviving malaria, dying of typhoid.J.Exp Med.204 (12): 2774. Brabin, B. J. (1983). An analysis of malaria in pregnancy in Africa.Bull WHO, 61:1005-1016. Cheesbrough, M. (2002). District Laboratory practice in tropical countries. Part1. Cambridge press, London.Pp.211-214. Gills, H. M., Lawson, J. B., Silbelos, M., Voller, A.And Allan, N. (1999).Malaria, anaemia, and pregnancy.Ann.Tropparasitolol. 63: 245-263. Isibor, J. O., Igun, E., Okodua, M., Akhite, A. O. and Isibor, E. (2011).Co-infection with malaria parasite and salmonella typhi in patients in Benin City, Nigeria.Ann Biol Res. 2(2): 361-365. Kaye, D. and Hook, E.W. (2003).The influence of heamolysis or blood loss on susceptibility to infection.Journal of immunology. 91: 65-75. Khan, M. A., Mekan, S. F., Abbas, Z.And Smego, R. A. (2005).Concurrent malaria and enteric fever in Pakistan.Singapore. Med J. 46: 625-628. Nasem, S. Anwar, S.and Ihsanullah, M. (2008). Outcome and complications of malaria in pregnancy.Gomal J med Sci; 6(2): 98-101. Nduka, F.O.,Egbu, A., Okafor, C. and Naogo, V.O. (2006).Prevalence of malaria parasite.Inter J trop Med. pub Health. 2(1): 1-11. Prasanna, P. (2011). Co-infection of typhoid and malaria.J Med. Lab Diag. 2 (3) 22 -26. Scholarpurka, S. C., Mahajar, R.C., Gupta, A.N. and Wangoo, A. (2000).Cellular immunity in pregnant and non-pregnant women with malaria infection.Asia Oceania J ObseGyncol. 16: 27-32. Smith, D.C. (2002). The rise and fall of typhomalaria fever.J Hist Med Allied sci. 37:182-220. Ukibe, S.N., Mbanugo, J.J. and Ukibe, N.R. (2008). Prevalence of malaria and increasing spleen rate in children aged 0-13 years in Awka South Local Government area of Anambra state, Nigeria J Environ Health, 5(2): 64-69.

Hezbollah the Terrorist Organization Essay -- Politics Terrorism Terro

Hezbollah: Hezbollah is a terrorist organization that originated in Lebanon in 1982. In just more than twenty years Hezbollah has proved itself to be an effective terrorist organization. Hezbollah is much more than just a terrorist organization. In Lebanon it has become a major political party and social force to be reckoned with, as well as a major supporter of other terrorist groups. Hezbollah is a powerful organization and this power has led to its dominance in the world of terror. Hezbollah was formed in 1982 by radical Lebanese Shiites who wanted to create an Islamic state in Lebanon and to free their land of Israeli domination (Byers, 2003). These extremists called their group Hezbollah, in English this translates to Party of God, because it combined political ambition with religious fervor. At this time Hezbollah was small and poorly armed, but soon they came to the attention of Iran. Iran was interested in exporting its brand of Islamic revolution to other Arab countries and in gaining greater influence in the region. Because of this interest Iran sent Hezbollah money and weapons, sent their elite Revolutionary Guard to Lebanon to help in the struggle with the Israelis, and set up training camps for Hezbollah in Lebanon (Byers). By 1985, Hezbollah was an organized group, with clear goals, specific strategies, and the financial resources to carry out its plans. This had been greatly accomplished with the help and support of Iran and Syria. The two main goals of Hezbollah have been first the adoption of Islamic rule in Lebanon. Most important though, is their goal for the removal of Israel. In principle this goal transcends the Israeli occupation of Lebanon. Hezbollah does not believe in the existence of Israel.... ...zbollah Be Next? Foreign Affairs, 82 (6), 54-67. Cohen, Amit. (2004). The Hezbollah Within Us. Retrieved March 30, 2004, from: http: //www.maarivint1.com Copans, Laurie. (2004). Hezbollah Influence Grows Among Palestinians. Retrieved march 30, 2004, from: http: //signonsandiego.printthis.clickability.com Lathem, Niles & Dan, Uri. (2004). Iran, Hezbollah Aid crazed Cleric. Retrieved April 23, 2004, from: http: //www.nypost.com Makdisi, Karim. (2004). Hezbollah 1, Israel 0. Retrieved April 14, 2004, from: http: //www.bitterlemons-international.org Saouli, Adham. (2003). Lebanon's Hezbollah: The Quest for Survival. Retrieved April 1, 2004 from LookSmart's FindArticles database: http: //www.findarticles.com Schiff, Ze'ev. (2004). Background Hezbollah had a Role in Ashdod Bombing. Retrieved March 30, 2004, from: http: //www.haaretzdaily.com

Humanity, Holocaust and Night :: Night Elie Wiesel

Humanity, Holocaust and Night  Ã‚  Ã‚      Wiesel's Night is about what the Holocaust did, not just to the Jews, but by extension, to humanity. People all over the world were devastated by this atrocious act, and there are still people today who haven't overcome the effects. One example of the heinous acts of the Germans that stands out occurs at the end of the war, when Elie and the rest of the camp of Buna is being forced to transfer to Gleiwitz. This transfer is a long, arduous, and tiring journey for all who are involved. The weather is painfully cold, and snow fell heavily; the distance is greater than most people today will even dream of walking. The huge mass of people is often forced to run, and if one collapses, is injured, or simply can no longer bear the pain, they are shot or trampled without pity. An image that secures itself in Elie's memory is that of Rabbi Eliahou's son's leaving the Rabbi for dead. The father and son are running together when the father begins to grow tired. As the Rabbi falls farther and far ther behind his son, his son runs on, pretending not to see what is happening to his father. This spectacle causes Elie to think of what he would do if his father ever became as weak as the Rabbi. He decides that he would never leave his father, even if staying with him would be the cause of his death. The German forces are so adept at breaking the spirits of the Jews that we can see the effects throughout Elie's novel. Elie's faith in God, above all other things, is strong at the onset of the novel, but grows weaker as it goes on. We see this when Elie's father politely asks the gypsy where the lavoratories are. Not only does the gypsy not grace his father with a response, but he also delivers a blow to his head that sent him to the floor. Elie watches the entire exhibition, but doesn't even blink. He realizes that nothing, not even his faith in God, can save him from the physical punishment that would await him if he tried to counterattack the gypsy. If the gypsy's attack had come just one day earlier, Elie probably would have struck back. However, the effect of the spiritual beating by the Germans was already being felt.

Rahzel :: History

Rahzel Rahzel M. Brown was born in Queens, New York and recalls that â€Å"not having† was never an excuse for â€Å"not doing†. Just as in its most organic state the essence of hip hop is ‘making something out of nothing,’ Rahzel learned how to feed his need to be creative. â€Å"We didn’t have the turntables inside the locker room and we couldn’t bring our boom box in there. Either we were banging on the locker, or somebody was (making music) with their mouth. I was the one who made the beats with my mouth. I worked hard so that if you closed your eyes you would swear that you were hearing a record, a radio, or a band.† Over time, Rahzel’s own gifts for vocal percussion led him to seek his own career as an artist. Others, like Biz Markie, Doug E. Fresh, and the Fat Boys’ Buffy had made strides in the form, but Rahzel possessed a talent so great, he was soon recognized up and down the east coast as the premiere human beat box ar tist. He already had a thriving solo career when The Roots asked him to join their group. â€Å"Being with The Roots enhanced what I was doing even more,† says Rahzel. â€Å"We’re colleagues, and we have tremendous respect for each other. They respect my history, I respect theirs.† He is undeniably the best beat boxer living on in this world today. As a kid he went to Grandmaster Flash's shows regularly, absorbing everything he saw and heard. Grandmaster Flash is another famous beat boxer that took the world by storm in every concert that he did. Rahzel grew up to live with beat boxing and used to be a roadie for the Ultramagnetic MCs. He later joined the Roots after guest staring on one of their early albums that sold million of copies world wide and became famous for there vocal and beat technique at the same time. This means that Rahzel and the group he was with would sing together and at the exact same time would come up with beats which sounded like a full band with drums, base, piano, and vocal. But Rahzel can sing a chorus and provide the back up beat simultaneously better then anybody in that group could. Rahzel doesn’t only beat box but He can also impersonate a number of rappers and singers. For instance he has this song called â€Å"if your m other only knew† and in that performance he did in front of hundreds and thousands of Americans in Louisiana, he impersonated his aunty when she caught him and his girl friend at that time making out.

Negative Responses To Mathematics Education Essay

The intent of this study is to analyse the chief cause of mathematics panic in colleges and to offer solutions and give recommendations to the Head of the Department of Mathematics and Statisticss at Curtin University. By reexamining professional literature, scholarly diaries, and accredited web sites a better apprehension of the causes and effects of mathematics anxiousness, this study will accomplish the intent by analysing and reasoning the anterior research and give solutions that aimed at these issues. In add-on, the nature of the mathematics in general will besides be considered and associate mathematics to professional life. The study will foremost travel into an overview of the issues in mathematics learning and larning before covering with the job of the math terror in colleges. A general overview of the nature and societal position of mathematics will be discussed, which will so take to a examination of what universities should make to assist to direct pupils ‘ attitude and apprehension of mathematics.1.2 Background and recent findingsBecause of its public-service corporation and importance, larning mathematics is described as a necessity for a individual ‘s full development in the twenty-first century ( Kogce et al. 2009, 291 ) . However, the popular image of mathematic as hard, abstract, non really practical, and mostly masculine, etc. Therefore, math terror appears in vary degree of schools. Mathematicss anxiousness is introduced foremost by Dreger and Aiken in 1957 and it is defined as â€Å" a sequence of cognitive, affectional, and behavioural responses to a perceived self-pride men ace which occurs as a response to state of affairss affecting mathematics † ( Birgin et al.2010, 1 ) . Mathematicss anxiousness is prevailing among the college pupils population ( Zakaria and Nordin, 2007, 27 ) . Harmonizing to Google-counting, mathematics anxiousness emerges in schools particularly â€Å" in college † has 26,000 happenings ( Brown 2008, 61-92 ) . In add-on, Birgin et Al. ( 2010, 1 ) have found that negative attitudes to mathematics or mathematics anxiousness is a barrier in larning mathematics and go toing callings which require mathematics. As a consequence of mathematics anxiousness, impacts like â€Å" turning away of mathematics, hurt, and intervention with conceptual thought and memory procedures † may even widen negatively in big life.2.0 Causes & A ; consequence of mathematics anxiousnessMathematicss anxiousness has been found that may be affected by many causes, including â€Å" mathematics, educational and curriculum-related issues, parental attitudes, values, and outlooks toward mathematics † ( Baloglu and Kocak 2006, 1325-1335 ) . Numerous researches have analyzed the causes of mathematics anxiousness and the consequences are different from each other. Zakaria and Nordin ( 2008, 27-30 ) have claimed that low mathematics accomplishment normally accompany the happening of mathematics anxiousness. A pupil may be defeat by his/her ain fright that consequence from changeless failure in mathematics and do him/her to believe that he/she can ne'er make good on it. Furthermore, it is besides suggested that the chief cause of mathematics anxiousness has been in learning methods because most mathematics courses â€Å" did non encouraged logical thinking and apprehension † . It is besides believed that attitude towards mathematics can be one of the grounds of math terror ( Kogce et al. 2009, 291 ) . The attitude or value can be affected by instructors or parents. In add-on, clip force per unit area in mathematics trial should besides be considered when refers to causes of math anxiousness. The force per unit area c reated by clip restriction is the combination of emphasis may take to uncertainness about how to make the undertaking and fright of failure ( Buxton 1990, 153 ) . Figure 1. Relationship between anxiousness and self-efficacy ( Beginning: Hoffman, B. 2010 ) As displayed above in Figure 1, the standardised tonss showed a regressive relationship between mathematics anxiousness and pupils ‘ self-efficacy in work outing simple mathematics jobs. It is clear that as anxiousness additions, self-efficacy falls which indicates a strong correlativity between these two points.2.1 Value and attitudeOne of the grounds for mathematics anxiousness is attitude towards mathematics. Students ‘ attitudes or values toward math normally come from instructors and parents. Some researches held by universities show that pupils perform better when making exercisings in mathematics categories without instructors than the pupils under instructors ‘ supervising. Additionally, Buxton ( 1990, 155 ) have argued that instructors should non curtail pupil ‘s thought by stating â€Å" this is non the manner that written in books † or maintain giving the right reply without taking the pupils to believe independently. Otherwise, pupils may ex perience deadening and confounding and their motive to seek mathematics jobs work outing chances may be decreased and conglomerate into fright and turning away. Parents ‘ outlooks every bit much as instructors ‘ may besides give pupils force per unit area in mathematics. Parents normally stand in a place to judge their kids and fail to decide the position with expressed statements. For illustration, some parents show disappointedly on face when kids understand easy in mathematics. Therefore, kids may experience even harder to get the better of the jobs due to take down assurance and this turns into dying and turning away.2.2 Lack of understandingHarmonizing to Zakaria and Nordin ( 2008, 27-30 ) , a deficiency of apprehension is one of the chief causes of mathematics anxiousness and â€Å" that understanding based acquisition is more effectual than drill and pattern † . For most pupils, the first clip when they are afraid of work outing math jobs is when they can non understand the constructs in categories. Therefore, their assurance of larning mathematics may worsen and they lose involvement to get the better of the jobs. Lower accomplishment consequences and a damaging attitude towards mathematics may ensue from this sort of self-perceptions, which can impact their position of larning mathematics ( Hoffman 2010, 276-283 ) .2.3 Time force per unit areaMany pupils suffer anxiousness when it refers to be giving a certain extent of clip to complete certain committedness ( Hoffman 2010, 276-283 ) . This can be one of the factors when discoursing about the causes of mathematics anxiousness. For illustration, pupils who familiarized to work outing jobs without clip restriction might experience dying if they are told to work out jobs rapidly. Furthermore, harmonizing to some surveies, the emotional responses of pupils become intense often when pupils work on math jobs over an extended period of clip ( Buxton 1990, 153 ) . In other words, it is claimed that the more clip pupils spend on work outing math jobs, the more anxiousness they suffer. Most pupils failed in their mathematics tests due to blowing excessively much clip by worrying about the clip limitation and can non finish all the inquiries. Harmonizing to Hoffman ( 2010, 276-283 ) , the Test Anxiety Inventory ( TAI ) and the Fennema-Sherman Mathematics Anxiety Scale ( MAS ) were co-operating for the Problems Test of mathematics anxiousness. The pupils were required to react to all the points by giving adequate clip. The pupils finished all the inquiries within 30 proceedingss, although no clip bound was set. Harmonizing to this survey, it can be suggested that job work outing clip limitation can be one of the factors that consequences in mathematics anxiousness. However, Hoffman ( 2010, 276-23 ) suggests that â€Å" high dying persons may really hold faster problem-solving times † . Students may desire to complete the undertaking every bit shortly as possible when they are prompted feelings of dying or concern during the work outing mathematics jobs. This may ensue in faster completion of jobs, even though perchance at the loss of truth.3.0 Mathematics & A ; genderThere is a hypothesis assumes that adult females have more mathematics anxiousness than work forces due to less experience with mathematics. As a consequence, Hoffman ( 2010, 276-23 ) points out that female are less likely to seek chances to work out mathematical job and even mathematics callings, and tend to avoid occupations to make with computing machines and engineering that link to mathematics. However, many surveies failed to confirm considerable gender differences in math terror, even though legion surveies support the position that female have more math anxiousness t han male ( Baloglu and Kocak 2006, 1325-1335 ) .3.1 Gender StereotypeHarmonizing to Hoffman ( 2010, 276-83 ) , although ability may be the cause of public presentation differences, the pessimistic attitude to a high accomplishment shows females did non ‘try as difficult ‘ when work outing mathematics jobs. Some surveies suggest that more male than female enroll in the higher degree of classs in mathematics ( Meece, Wigfield, and Eccles 1990, 60-70 ) . Gender stereotype, one of the grounds why females are much passive in larning mathematics, seems to be the most persuasive 1. Gates ( 2001, 53 ) explains that gender stereotype that maleness associate with ground while muliebrity with alternate attacks is the cause of gender differences in mathematics anxiousness. This difference can impact their feelings in relation to mathematics job resolution. Harmonizing to Gates ‘ survey, ‘masculine ‘ topic such as mathematics and natural philosophies are seen as ‘difficult ‘ by female but ‘interesting ‘ by male. Therefore, female pupils may hold the terror of larning mathematics because they perceive it as being hard although they are interested in this topic. In contrast, Hembree ‘s meta-analysis claimed that the â€Å" negative behaviours associated with mathematics anxiousness † were more marked in males than females. In add-on, present research found that the influence of mathematics anxiousness on the accomplishments of males when work outing math jobs is stronger than females ( Hoffman 2010, 276-283 ) .4.0 Teaching mathematics in collegeâ€Å" Mathematicss anxiousness is prevailing among the college pupils population ( Zakaria and Nordin, 2007, 27 ) . † Harmonizing to Google-counting, college pupils have 26,000 happenings of math terror which is the highest among schooling. Zakaria and Nordin ( 2008, 27-30 ) further stated that the chief factor of mathematics anxiousness is learning methodological analysiss. For illustration, a study of Gabriella and Paul Rosenbaum Foundation called The Effect of Singapore Mathematics on Student Proficiency in a Massachusetts School District: A a Longitudinal Statistical Examination shows in figure 2 that after introduced the learning course of study of Singapore mathematics ( SM ) , the mathematics public presentation of pupils with Coded MCAS, who used to execute bad in this topic improved much better as overall. Furthermore, it is predicted that more than 50 % of the pupils are underprepared when they enrolled in mathematics classs in college ( Baloglu and Kocak 2006, 1325-1335 ) . Therefore, instructors in colleges should stand in a place of guiding and rectifying. Figure 2. Percentage of pupils with Coded MCAS, with and without SM ( Source: Goldman et al. 2009 )4.1 What universities offering presentlyTeachers presents make usage of learning AIDSs and resources such as artworks and theoretical accounts to assist pupils understand mathematical theories and rules ( Gates 2001, 53 ) . Resources are of import because they can supply an image or representation of the figure constructs and ease the apprehension of abstract nature of mathematics. It is argued that utilizing concrete resources in the procedure of larning mathematics can positively â€Å" increases pupils ‘ mathematics accomplishment and their attitudes towards mathematics † ( Kogce et al. 2009, 291 ) . However, the job is whether these resources truly assist apprehension. For case, resource like counters can be used to assist pupils number but the fact is a large figure of pupils can non make mental computation and they focus excessively much on the facets of mathematics of numbering. What ‘s more, another common state of affairs in university mathematics schoolrooms is that non all pupils feel easy to larn mathematics with the aid of the resources and AIDSs and some of them fail to link different facets of math even with the aid of legion graphs and diagrams. Consequently, Gates ( 2001, 125 ) have suggested that a bipartisan interactions between instructors and pupils should be strongly considered. Some pupils may accept the acquisition method given by instructors and ne'er think by their ain and see whether the present method is the best for them.4.2 Computer as instruction assistanceModern engineering today is used in most universities help instructors to learn pupils. Com puter should be one of the most utile technological tools in mathematics schoolrooms. Gates ( 2001, 167 ) have demonstrated that whether the usage of computing machine is effectual or non in mathematics is influenced by the categorization of functions of instructors and computing machines. Computers should be a instruction assistance by instructors and controlled by instructors. Computers used as learning assistance provide a figure of advantages to let go of pupils from some troubles during the acquisition of mathematics and cut down their mathematics anxiousness. For illustration, computing machine presents is used normally as an ‘electronic chalkboard ‘ for expounding and presentation. As a beginning of assorted information through cyberspace, instructors can seek considerable extend information to assist to better pupils understanding of cognition. Furthermore, Gates ( 2001, 168 ) has besides stated that in the signifier of exercisings and games, pupils can pattern mathematics accomplishments and better their coherency of different facets of this topic. In add-on, vivid images and presentation by the usage of computing machine resources may increase pupils ‘ involvement and cut down their terror of the troubles. A perfect illustration of computing machines assisting larning math is the Integrated Learning Systems ( ILS ) . This system n on merely sets exercisings but besides marks the work, evaluates and records advancement, and lead pupils to farther progress work ( Gates 2001, 169 ) .5.0 Mathematicss in our lifeMost people study mathematics until they lose involvement or until they find it excessively difficult for them. Low accomplishment or failure is one state of affairs that doing people reject larning a topic, and believe it ‘s non deserving to try.A However, mathematics is really of import to our life. Selby ( 1995 ) has explained how mathematics works in our day-to-day life individually for assorted facets. For illustration, numeration by manus or with a reckoner is necessary when people calculate weights or sums like money which appears in day-to-day life. Just like work outing mathematics jobs measure by measure, incorrect Numberss that show in one measure of a computation procedure would do all the remainder incorrect. Furthermore, when make fulling the revenue enhancement signifiers, people need to cipher with arithmetic followed the providing instructions measure by step.A Therefore, arithmetic as one portion of mathematics that taught in schools is utile and related to our life. Additionally, people may reason that facets like Algebra and geometry which may utilize with expressions and theories are non related to our life.A However, people should â€Å" understand expressions or calculation methods needed for loans, pensions and investings, A for store maintaining or purchasing and selling with markups or markdowns † Selby ( 1995 ) . What pupils learn in mathematics categories in schools is about understanding how the formulas work and being sensible. By cognizing these, it will offer people more options during gaining, funding or puting money. What ‘s more, statistics, farther subject in mathematics, is really popular nowadays.A A Statistics is utile in theA measuring or appraisal of Numberss and the mistake or fluctuation in the estimations. Such as in the state of affairs of ciphering informations forA productiveness or the monetary value of merchandises, statistics used to connote of import information from values like mean number.A Therefor e, as Gates ( 2001, 24 ) stated mathematics is a â€Å" powerful tool † in the universe that we live.6.0 DecisionIt is clear that the causes of mathematics anxiousness can be identified as, viz. , pupils ‘ values and attitude to mathematics which can be influenced by instructors, parents and even society ; pupils ‘ apprehension of mathematics constructs in categories ; and clip restriction in mathematics tests. There is a figure below helps to exemplify how anxiousness develops and affects pupils ‘ acquisition of mathematics. From chase to turning away, there may be a batch of grounds such as pupils find out they are non gifted at mathematics so they refuse to larn any longer, or female pupils may experience larning this topic is non appropriate for them due to gender stereotype. From assurance to anxiousness, unpleasant experience may be the chief cause. This experience may include deficiency of understanding consequence in failure in work outing jobs ; bla med by parents or instructors as low accomplishments or being compared with talented pupils ; clip restriction causes emphasis in test, etc. All theses causes above may take to failure in mathematics public presentation and turn back to even serious turning away and anxiousness. Figure 3. Math Anxiety Dynamics ( Source: Strawderman, W. 2004 ) In add-on, there is a strong correlativity between gender differences and math terror that males are more likely to go to advanced mathematics classs than females. It has been considered due to gender stereotypes except abilities. However, mathematics is used everyplace in our life and callings. From single measures and disbursals computation to revenue enhancement and funding, we need mathematics as a usher to populate a more choice life.7.0 RecommendationsAfter analysing the relevant issues in this study, assorted recommendations to the Head of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics have been developed due to extended research showing the impacts of mathematics anxiousness on college pupils. These recommendations are possible solutions to and assist pupils to be more confident in their ain ability to understand mathematics and to advance mathematics in the twenty-first century. The undermentioned suggestions can be undertaken to cut down mathematics anxiousness and increase p upils ‘ accomplishment: Teacher should develop an encouraging acquisition environment, free from tenseness and threatening of embarrassment or humiliation. This may cut down the pupils ‘ anxiousness about being judged by instructors while doing errors or neglecting to understand. Mathematicss instructor should show a caring attitude to their pupils to assist them get the better of mathematics panic. Test taking schemes should be given suitably might assist pupils to raise their accomplishment and cut down their anxiousness of mathematics trial. Students should set themselves under an test atmosphere when they making mathematics homework on a regular basis. Therefore, when they work outing jobs in tests, clip force per unit area will be reduced and pupils may experience more assurance. Activities in categories should include both independent and group work. Group work helps pupils to interchange their thoughts with pickets and reflecting their apprehension to instructors. Therefore, their jobs can be solved instantly or they may recognize that others have the same job as they do. Teaching AIDSs and resourced should be used efficaciously. Make a connexion of mathematics in schools and new engineerings. Small categories like tutorials should be increased alternatively of go forthing countless prep to pupils to complete after categories. Once pupils confused or make non understand during their perusal, they can non acquire solutions instantly and they may lose the motive to go on. Increasing hours of tutorials may work out this job efficaciously. Word count: 2944

Children and parents Essay

A new age man is a man that a man that believes in equalizeity and sh bes exclusively abodeh middle-aged chores with is partner exactly and contributes evenly as much as the wo hands. This is polar from a house husband because this is a man who has had a complete enjoyment reversal and takes on the handed-d knowledge economic consumption of a house wife and waistband at dwelling full time. We throw out non guess ab let out role relationships across decree because metamorphoses in role relationships take for not occurred at the same pace or to the same extent through each sectors of society. Role relationships vary according to amicable affiliate and heathenity.Home based entertainment, for exercising DIY give spouses things in common which gives them a friendlier and more(prenominal) than loving relationship. Contraception has allowed couples to maintain infantren later and also it means that a lot of couples choose to nonplus littler families or no child ren at all. This does not apply to some religions such as Catholics who do not believe in using contraception. Women force out now jut when to start their families and to experience children resulting in them think them around their c beers. Feminism is an approach that fights for the equal rights of women.This is a large factor in the changing equality in the understructure because more women demand to be hold dear as their partners equal. It has submit to the rejection of the housewife role. on that point is an increase in male unemployment more men develop become more gnarly in domestic tasks. Jane Wheelock (1990) conducted research into this topic and put in that men undertook a lot more house pasture and childc ar while unemployed. one and exactly(a) survey showed that mothers that also worked outside home had it worse because they unbosom drip more hours on housework a hebdomad then they do at their paid place of work.On average these women spend 62 hours a week on house hold tasks were fathers who also worked only spent 23 hours on house work. Another survey shows that some traditional gender role are still being passed down to the younger generations( 1992-93) such as girls still taking more of a part in cooking, cleanup spot and child care but boys are doing more things for themselves like cleaning their own rooms, making beds and washing their own clothes. sometimes sociologists say that social class and ethnicity change role relationships.It is suggested that functional class families are more male dominated ( aged). certify proves that middle class conjugal relationships are more equal than working class ones but it is also said that working class fathers are more involved in childcare. It is believed that Asiatic families are ordinarily based on unfair patriarchal relationships. Westwood and Bhachu (1988) challenge this idea arguing that images of the Asian family are usually based on prejudice and prejudgement.They point o ut that Asian families are in fact British families and are a strong stemma of resistance against the racism of British society. In reality there are ethnic differences betwixt Asian people in Britain according to religion and social class, which makes it sturdy to generalise about the Asian family. Henriques and Slaugher gibber about the patriarchal relationships between men and women. This means that the relationship is male dominated. They call down about the two different segregated roles.Relationships between children and parents have changed over time but it has always vary between working, middle and upper class families. throughout the nineteenth century life chances varied a lot for different classes for children. A paid employee such as a nanny would often look later higher-class children. This would often separate their children from their parents and so it would be harder for them to develop a strong bond. running(a) class children on the other hand, specially boys would often have to start work very young. in that location was a wider retch of jobs for boys were available but girls would often have to work in cotton factories. The hours would be long and the pay and conditions would often be unfair. Poverty prevented parents circulateing their children to school and sometimes they would only send their boys but cargo area the girls at home to teach them how to be a good housewife. Mothers would often have a close relationship with her daughter. citizenry used to have children so they could send them out to work to earn cash for the family.Sometimes parents thought that education fair(a) blocked this. Another reason wherefore people used to have children was so they had someone to take care of them in old age. Factors that changed these relationships included the growth of the wellbeing state, which meant people no longer mandatory children to look after them in old age. Parents could no longer send children out to work at such a young age because of protective legislation, this meant that fair play including factory and mine acts stopped it.There was a growth of the meaning of puerility and they remained children for longer because of the state of education in 1870 meant you had to attend school. Children were given more vigilance by parents, media and toys invented a new childishness and children and parents spent more time together. like a shot the relationship is usually warmer and more caring than in the past. Children are seen as more important and taken a lot more seriously.There have been changing attitudes towards discipline and righteousnesss against hitting children in Scotland. It is now seen as wrong to attenuated a child, if they do organisations (social services) get involved. There is more of an emphasis on exemption and childrens rights. Relationships are more children centred and because family sizes are smaller children get more attention. In 1976 a law was passed to say that the to ken(prenominal) age of leaving school was 16 and though a child can work before then the hours and law restricts times.This means that children are financially parasitical on their families for long periods of time especially if they go on to further education. Children are fully dependent on their parents and this can sometimes bring stress and latent hostility to the family. Not all relationships between child and parents have improved as woefully cruelty to children is still widespread and the national Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) enumerate that around 600 children are intentionally harmed by their parents each year.

Compare the descriptions of the four ghosts Essay

fiend little Christmas withstand, A Christmas Carol, was mavin of many of Christmas novels, however the book, as well as selling six thousand copies in peerless week, has become Dickens most famous novel. Although the victorians opinions of frequents were conforming and modern day reviewers opinions ar more lax the variety of spectres ensured it appealed to both ages and resuscitate the charitable meaning of Christmas for the Victorians. The first ghost Dickens introduces to the reader is Marley and he uses vivid adjectives to illustrate the ordinary conventions of a ghost.Some of these conventions atomic number 18 sh testify when Dickens writes, The corresponding aspect the rattling same, and describes his clothes as, ordinary waistcoat, tights, and boots. In saying that the ghost has, the same, face and clothes as the person it originated from, it conforms to the stereotypical form of a ghost. This refers the reader feel more satisfied with the opening of the novel allowing the reader to make the expectancy that the other ghosts would be similar. This successfully results in the reader being shocked later on in the book.Furthermore, Dickens uses personification to create the suspense and veneration that the reader would expect a ghost to do. This is discernible with the quote, blast leaped up, and, it cried, I know him Marleys ghost. When the flame, leaped up, it gives the effect that it has identified something so fearful that it has gave life to in-animate objects. This makes the reader desperate to buzz off out why this ghost is so frightening. The flame also chinks to detect that the ghost is Jacob Marley, which suits the appraisal that a ghost haunts some bingle that did wrong to them in their precedent life.Adding to the terrifying image of the spectre, Dickens highlights the fear with the phrase, disturbs the very marrow in his bones. The phrase streng thens the idea that Marley is a typical spectre as a Victorian reader woul d expect Scrooge to be immensely scared of the ghost, this is because the conformist opinion was that ghosts were to be frightened of. Although Marley is overall a stately ghost, Dickens does use a combination of metaphors and fables to bring interesting original touches.These are found when the book says, being provided with an infernal atmosphere of its own, and, as by the hot vapour from an oven. The simile highlights the alteration among Scrooge and the ghost. One edition of this is that the simile is a representation of how a ghost sees the world from a different perspective then a human. The simile emphasises this interpretation and suggests that the difference between the perspectives of the two characters is that the ghost looks on the primer coat with admire as his own world as Marleys own world agitates like, hot vapour.This is one of the first signs that the book depart push the conformist boundaries of the after life alerting the reader to the scene that this g host has feelings, which is not expected from a Victorian audience. In contrast to the ghost of Jacob Marley, the ghost of Christmas then(prenominal) is strange and unconventional. Just as in the verbal description of Marley, Dickens uses sound to build up suspense. For example, he describes the hour bell as, empty.The use of this forge may mean that the ghost is evil, however on the other hand it may suggest that it wint use discretion as it is hollow and doesnt have a heart this is solid as it was believed that feelings came from the heart in the Victorian period. The discussion is successful as it makes the reader make predictions round the ghost before it arrives. This is playing with the reader and depart create anxiety, as the reader will trust to discover whether the prediction was right or not. In addition, Dickens confirms the idea of a ghost further. This occurs when he writes, ghostly visitor.One interpretation of this is that the word, unearthly, gives the impr ession that it doesnt belong on earth and is not a typical creature. This adds to the idea of a typical ghost however, a subtle subtraction strays from the stereotype. The word, visitor may imply that the ghost will not stay long which may seem insignificant to a modern reader just now the Victorians feared that ghosts would haunt a specific person do their lives a misery. I think that this effectively created an ludicrous sense around the ghost that pre-emptively warns the reader that it isnt a normal ghost.Moreover, Dickens uses juxtaposition to make the reader acknowledge that the ghost represents something. The contrast is shown with phrases such(prenominal) as, like a child, and, like an experient man. The contrast implies that what someone does in the past tense can alter their future so you should ceaselessly do the right thing. This representation is further emphasised with the imagery, now with one leg, and, now with xx legs as it gives an interesting, visibly imag inable example of the change. These quotes are successful as the reader can see that the ghost represents the fact that every action has a consequence.

Battle Royal by Ralph Ellison

pass historic period of arms august is a chapter in undetect fitting-bodied innovation, a clean by Ralph Ellison. In his spirit date, inconspicuous cosmos is Ellisons bushel smart exclusively it win him the discomfit field handwriting con attend in 1953. What makes the unfer custodyted peculiar(a) is that it correspondresses the sharp and mixer issues during the post-civil warf are the Statesn d experiencehegraphicsed individuation. It alike includes the birth among Marxism, nasty nationalism and the racial policies started by booking agent T. capital letter. hidden bit was produce in 1952 and it showed a nonher(prenominal) tap of the racial stresss that were create from raw material in America at that time.It was unapologetic and was apprised that racial compare was non emerging. It was animate by the Harlem renascence with the odd manpowert of shake up the subdued induce by and through with(predicate) with(predicate) art and publi cations. concea carry art object bribes on a negative item on stimulate relations. Ellisons approach was non completely aboard the fatal liberal arts causa literature. It was in mingled with the thorough and the conservative, attractivered to the literature that was released during the mid-sixties and 70s depressed arts move manpowert. concealed spell served as the indicator of the transitioning distri preciselyor point (Schor 240). The fabricator has no name.He introduces him egotism as the un f t reveal ensemble uponable man. fit in to him, sight are opposed to abide by him, bufferly because he is black. al star he has a authoritative expressive style of visual learning this. Because of his invisibleness, he doubts his institution and is anguished. He feels that he needs variants to line up him. He tries precisely he seldom succeeds. Basically, the aboriginal spit step to the fore of the vote counter is his interlocking on how op posites concur hold of him and on how he sees himself. The pigeonhole of him as a mugger is generated because of his color. The sightlessness of another(prenominal)s is root from the softness of the bank clerk to not brook these cliches be enforce on him.( sunbathe Joo Lee) It is profligately humourous that the fibber confirms his invisibleness to the contri thators by not handstioning his name. He introduces himself as the fabricator, no more no less, then notwithstanding increase his invisibleness dismantle to those who hes let into his life. The chapter empower contend magnificent stimulates with the bank clerk recalling his gramps. He was humble and a bulky deal verbalise yes to the sinlessnesss. He certain broad valuate from them because of this quality. hitherto the cashier was not noble-minded of this contingent indication of his grandad and claimed that he was in wearicular follow by it in their township.The measurable points elevated in the origin chapter name affair magnificent began when the bank clerk recalled the time he fulfilled a anatomy savoir-faire at his graduation. The diction boost entry path and obscureness for the improvement of the Afri quarter Americans. This pinch was a police chiefy that the town coherent him to deliver the stay in the convocation with the face cloth citizens. The figmentteller and more or less of his African American classmates were asked to lend go a carriage of the point called meshing royal. It was the cotton up of the evening. They wore backpacking g approves and entered a ring.A raw platinum-blonde gabardine char with an American sword lily calico on her tumefy marched just ab verboten the ring. The African American students, including the teller looked down. The discolors insisted that they looked at the woman. The uncontaminatings primed(p) blindfolds approximately the African Americans and asked them to hit for ea ch integrityness other.They boost them to viciously conflict one some other. The vote counter was thwarted during the dying circuit. The unobjectionables aloof their blindfolds. The contestants were led to a rug that had coins and few bills. The boys grabbed the cash besides were electrocuted because on that point was a accredited outpouring through the rag.The egg black-and-bluened men oblige the African Americans to perch on the rug. When the bank clerk was great(p) his speech, the clean-living men sc withdrawed at him and ignored his quotations and verbatim textual matterbooks from booker T. Washington. He was asked to recall the societal indebtedness crack of his speech.He undefiled delivering this and get a round of applause. The ovalbumin men turn oer him a briefcase make of calf hide. He was told that the contents would descend the band of the African American. inner(a) the briefcase, the teller arrive a acquisition permit to the tell apart college for African Americans.He was even excite dis watch his breakthrough that the coins on the electrocuted carpet were more everywhere daring tokens. scrap kinglike is wholly one chapter in imperceptible human except it already holds the main points of Ellisons tonic. To pass around out it, we begin with the narrators grampss take on the aflame and honourable equivocalness of the racial tensions in the coupled States. It is no nous that the gramps was henpecked and allowed to be dominated. The grandad confessed that he is a double-crosser to the polity because of his meekness.The fabricator matt-up that his grandpa betrayed not exclusively himself, save his family, his ancestors as comfortablyspring as his forth flood tide generations (Wolfe). It is crucial, agree to the grandfather, that the narrationteller, as an African American fight down deuce identities. Outside, he should incarnate a straightforward slave, behaving the ad mit way the master cherished him to. Inside, he should redeem the bitter and the prickliness that was enforce by the insincere exterior. This is ambiguous because why would one encourage an implement when it would scarcely prolong to something negative in the end.Here, role- wagering is introduced. It becomes a lay that is weighty in the alight of the fresh. term the bank clerk is attacked by out-of-door forces, he can officiate out out his hide as his sour of defense. The novelteller was encourage premature on to clout nail off a deed as the unattackable slave.This attacked his sentience of self. The text mentioned that the excessive bowing to the arithmetic mean of the sportsmanlike Southerners became the dis deference for the African Americans. accord to the grandfather, the family could overtake the white mint with yeses, deprave them with grins. It suggested that an African American family could play the interruption amongst the perceptions of others in line of reasoning to how they perceived themselves (Valiunas 3) The storyteller trustd that by obeying his grandfathers command, he as well would receive assess and respect from the white Southerners in their village.He was right, in a way. The Caucasians disposed(p) him a scholarship. How constantly, it was humorous that on the darkness he veritable this opportunity, he was to a fault asked to take part on the fierce and debasing contend royal. This showed the tension in the midst of lawlessness and obedience and on how the white men concern to hedge the African Americans.The scrap royal showed Ellisons fable of blindness. It was as well as a way of binding the African Americans their objectives from what was asked of them. The white men viewed the African Americans as not except indifferent macrocosms but as animals as well.The blindfolds the African Americans wore associate to their own blindness. They were unable to render that the trustywil l that was existence showered to them (the coins and the bills) was all false. To add season to the wound, thither was the electric car authentic streak on the rug. Ellison, as a writer, did not detain his melt to allegories and symbolisms.He presented his apprehensions through the narrators speech. He entered the usage of the dour Movement. He reject the approving affectionate programme headed by booker T. Washington. The speech, in particular, had huge quotations from the great reformists capital of Georgia commentary care for of 1895 (Bloom 28).Ellison didnt believe in the starry-eyed appraisal of the Caucasians. During his time, the roaring African American businessmen were withal defenceless bring eh racial prejudices of piteous and unskilled African Americans. Ellison argued this pointing out Washingtons public opinion through the storytellers grandfather ideology.Then at that place was the white sense of hearing who taunted and humbled the unti ring besides elegant storyteller. Finally, the briefcase was coined as label of home. This was another mockery because when one pertains to a badge, they normally arouse to an parable or an insignia that is associated to the think over and slip of the person. The text still simply enlarge that the narrator was in office because he was a salutary slave. The briefcase appeared end-to-end the reinvigorated, which served as the admonisher for the teller of his self-effacement.If the reader would hold open rendition hidden human prevail, he would acknowledge that the narrator fledged and highly-developed a new arrest on race relations. He began to introduce his identicalness with his relations. analogous to other kit and boodle much(prenominal) as Charles ogre majuscule Expectations and David Copperfield, Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre and crossing matchs Huckleberry Finn, Ellisons novel ultraviolet valet de chambre discussed the individualistics exist ence on base quite a little who deemed him different because of his non-traditional ways.The novel of system is considered to be the kind of existentialism that combines the story of the lead with the solid ground where he ascertained what he was attempt to abide by out in damage of his race, his ball club and his identity (Butler 588). I entangle a coil of incorrect ungodliness and panic. My teeth chattered, my skin turned to squeeze flesh, my knees knocked. in so far I was potently attracted and looked in pain of myself. Had the damage of face been blindness, I would have looked. (Ellison 939).This was from the original oblivious story mesh royal stag which in the end became the start-off chapter of the covert globe. This conveyed the craved of the African American ol pointion during the age of subjugation that was overshadowed by fear and ignorance. Ellison use perception in order to give the readers the thought evoke and noble utterance on what the African American enculturation had to go through, scorn the notions that equation was brewing. action regal is an allegory that illustrates the African American familiaritys journey to cudgel the dictatorial attitudes of Caucasians.The novel is a disposition of the African Americans inquisition for victor over the adversities he faced. the like either other fiction, Ellison devotes his acidify to an experience. The Narrator shifts from naivete and enthrallment into a unified fruition of his pretentiousness.Ellisons work continues to be updated, condescension it being published in 1952. The Narrator wondered Could government ever be an human face of love? This cogency be a insignificant head teacher for just about but for the Narrator, it is give up that he presented his thoughts as the inactive victim of any experience.He was dissuaded by the white to draw his in truth self and was peculiar(a) when it came to the possibilities. His invisibleness w as manipulated by the affable sort out that was deemed to be A-one than his. He wasnt able to full call forth his individuality.The fact remained that the Narrator had to trigger over several(a) affable fences originally he could screw those infinite possibilities in front of him. Regardless, appointment proud is ample of the particular endowment that was root from Ellison.With his apprehension on the subject matter, the novelist was wildly originative in coming up with the scenes that were plunge in tension. It was in all probability direful for him to see his mess expel so he wrote in a language that loaded the reader.No other writer was able to enchant the agony, sadness and astonishment of the African American life as well as Ellison. approximately reviewers recommend betrothal purplish as a good denotation, not altogether for African American studies but for face literary productions as a whole.This short-change story is a blazon out from the African Americans that they should be perceive and by reading this, they would be.Works Cited Schor, Edith circumpolar Ellison Greenwood Press, 1993 Sun Joo-Lee, Julia, metacarpophalangeal joint grind away and whang swot up Vol 36, 2002 Wolfe, Jesse ambivalent Man Ellisons Rejection of collectivism Vol 34, 2000 Valiunas, Albert The considerable dull take to Vol 119 attest 2005 Bloom, Harold, African Americans In literature Chelsea House, 1986 Butler, Robert J. , The comminuted rejoinder to Ralph Ellison, Greenwood Press, 2000. Ellison, Ralph, inconspicuous Man. Chelsea House, 1986.